Theory of Alienation by Karl Marx

Theory of Alienation by Karl Marx Introduction Karl Marx has been dubbed as one of the most prolific and influential thinkers of the nineteenth century. He advocated the creation of a classless society that would be guided through proper democracy and equality. In essence, Marx criticized the capitalist system as an order in which the powerful firms have gained considerable power and clout. He argued that workers are treated as commodities under this system. The theory of alienation argues that workers are disenchanted with their work because it is controlled and supervised by hierarchies of managers and supervisors. The individual creativity and freedom has been stifled in the name of efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, Marx argues that the abject poverty of workers means that they cannot live in prosperous conditions. The capitalist system reaps tremendous profits but gives meager wages to its workers. Marx also believed that alienation resulted in workers being suspicious of each other due to the competitive nature of c apitalism. Finally the workers are instructed to perform specific tasks which are against the intrinsic nature of humanity. This nature helps them to attain creativity and design robust challenges to new problems. This report will seek to analyze the four types of alienation that are observed in Marxs theory. The personal experiences of the researcher will also be included in this report. Aspects of Alienation Karl Marx argued that alienation was a natural consequence of capitalism because of several reasons. This is because the workers are manipulated by the forces of capitalism in order to increase productivity and output. The results are that the workers will ultimately lose hope and determination (Leopold, 67). This is because the capitalists strive to ensure that the work activities of the workers are oriented towards specific goals and objectives. The desire of organizations is to ensure that workers can be exploited to attain the maximum surplus value. The worker is considered to be an instrument which leads to the loss of personal identity. It can lead to frustration and resentment since the modes of production are privately owned. Alienation from Products of own Labor Marx argued that the capitalist system seeks to create an illusion that workers are adequately compensated for the work that is performed. In essence, the capitalist system seeks to control the workers by deriving the benefits from the work activities of the latter. This can create alienation which can lead to serious consequences for entire society. In addition, the consumers are manipulated which is achieved through the offering of products (Desai, 93). The huge profits reaped by the capitalist system also can cause high levels of resentment and frustration among the workers. Alienation from Act of Producing Itself Marx believed that the capitalist system encouraged mechanical and repetitive work patterns that do not create any intrinsic value for the workers. The power of workers is transformed into a commodity which is manifested in the form of wages (Carver, 78). Capitalism controls the destinies of the workers by supervising and directing their work activities. This creates serious resentment among the workers who feel deprived of their destinies. In addition, the workers are unable to consume the products that are developed by them within a capitalist system. Alienation from his or her species being Marx argued that human beings have the capability to develop dynamic thinking through the pursuit of multiple endeavors. Thus humanity retains the ability to contemplate the surrounding environment and develop robust challenges to problems. Marx therefore argues that human society is characterized by a constant state of flux and change. The social classes emerge to overthrow existing orders and manipulate the masses (Carver, 78). The results are that a new class relationship that exists in capitalism eventually stifles the creativity and innovation of human beings. This can create resentment which leads to serious consequences. Alienation from Producers Marx argued that capitalism eventually confines labor to the position of a commercial commodity. This means that social relationships are ignored while human beings under the system strive to attain endurance or betterment. The competitive nature of capitalism eventually creates conflicts and disputes. This can cause high levels of alienation and resentment among the masses (Carver, 80). The basic structure of the capitalist system is such that it can cause deterioration in social structures and relationships since workers must compete for scarce resources in order to survive. Personal Alienation I have been working as a sales coordinator for a large organization that is involved in the sale of curtains, sofas, beds, and other furniture. Marx argues that the primary form of alienation is when the workers feel disillusioned with the work activities. This is true for me in many ways. A sales job can be frustrating as we are told to meet basic targets and increase the revenues of the firm. Marx argued that pre-capitalist societies allowed artisans to have a degree of independence in their work activities. Modern capitalist organizations tend to have hierarchies in which the workers are controlled through a system of checks and controls (Wolff, 91). Managers seek to develop the targets and ensure that compliance with organizational policies is achieved. As a sales coordinator, I feel disillusioned with my work activities because of the absence of any incentives. The long hours means that I have to ensure that goals are being met in an efficient and effective manner. The sales strategy promoted by the firm is based upon the notion that existing approaches will be implemented. There is no concept of workers autonomy which could lead to high levels of creativity and innovation. This creates problems because Marx argued that it was essential for workers to be given high levels of autonomy in order to increase their motivation. The second point of Marxs theory is the fact that workers are living in abject poverty due to the conditions of capitalism. He argues that workers are unable to meet their basic requirements due to the wage structure and working conditions of the capitalist system. As a sales coordinator, I believe that this is true because I have to ensure that targets are being met in an efficient and effective manner. The commi ssions earned from direct selling are often inadequate to meet the basic requirements of life. Wages earned from a sales position are adequate for sustenance but they do not enable me to improve my quality of life. It means that I continue to remain trapped within my specific social class due to the structure of the capitalist system (Wolff, 96). Income disparities remain in the United States as top executives are earning remuneration that is fifty times greater than sales coordinators like me. The income gaps create a sense of resentment and alienation towards the system. Therefore my organization is an oligarchy which does not have the proper functions of a democracy. Marx argues that workers do not control their destinies because the capitalist system tends to have overwhelming influence over the modes of production. The results are that workers are unable to increase productivity and output. They cannot derive significant social relationships from each other (Wolff, 93). Marx argues that capitalism has created a system whereby work activities are confined to a set of mechanical and repetitive tasks. For these tasks, the workers are provided meager wages that are inadequate to respond to their primary needs and requirements. As a sales coordinator, I have always focused on competition rather than creating a collaborative network with my fellow colleagues. This is because it is essential for sales coordinators to improve the revenues and profits of the firm. Each worker strives to move up the ladder through competitive strategy. the concept of cooperating orÂÂ   working together as a team has been replaced by the notion of competition. Each p erson therefore perceives his or her own interests rather than analyzing the common interests. As a consequence, I have to compete for scarce resources in order to improve sales. My only duty is to ensure that the organizational targets are being met in an efficient and effective manner. Marx argues that humans are born with the intrinsic ability to contemplate and perceive about the entire environment. This helps to encourage creativity which can be used to resolve complex situations. In addition, humans desire freedom and autonomy as a means of escaping the harsh social structures. Marx believes that social structures have always exerted a strong influence on individuals by creating a set of rules and regulations. In addition, humans must be left free to develop according to their interests and passions. This is surprisingly absent in the capitalist system that seeks to control the workers by treating them as commodities (Singer, 67). As a sales coordinator, I have to work according to the whims and desires of the management. This means that I will seek to achieve the targets of the firm. I will be left with no time in order to pursue my passions or interests. The job is necessary because it is vital for survival in a harsh environment. The market conditions determ ine the nature of human work. In my example, the needs of my furniture company are to target consumers and develop robust marketing strategies. As a sales coordinator, I have to ensure that consumers can be reached in an efficient and effective manner. much of Marxs theory of alienation remains appropriate even in the twenty first century. The abject poverty of workers remains in the world with sweatshop like conditions. The power and clout of the capitalist organizations remains superior. The workers are forced to undergo harsh activities in exchange for meager wages. Conclusion Karl Marxs theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism. Marx argued that the capitalist system was based upon reinforcing the divisions of class. His theory of alienation appears to be appropriate even today. His first premise was that workers were alienated with their job duties. Capitalism had controlled the aspects of workers by forcing them to perform monotonous and repetitive tasks. Another premise is that workers live in abject poverty because of the meager wages that are given to them. Workers do not have control over their work activities which stifles their creativity and innovation. It also creates the conditions for oppression and exploitation at the hands of capitalist enterprises. Another premise of this theory is that workers do not have social relationships. The urge to compete ha s thus led to the destruction of the notion of cooperation and collaboration. Finally Marx argued that the workers were unable to attain self actualization in the capitalist environment. This is because capitalism seeks to create rules and regulations that will ultimately create bad conditions for workers. Personally, I have been alienated with my job as a sales coordinator. This is because of the poor working conditions. In addition, the checks and controls have led to monotonous work activities.

Developmental Autobiography

Even before a child was brought in the outside world, there are things which he can already do on his own. But of course, the full functionality of such motions is stabilized after he was given birth. The cycle of one’s life is a brief cruise and so events that are tantamount to the growth and maturity of a person should be remembered. The experiences one will be able to see is something that should be treasured because from there, a person may evolve to someone who he is ought to be. From the time of my birth, I have already been associated with different scenarios that involve my sensory and locomotion.For instance, I can feel and I know that it is time for me to eat my meal or drink my milk when I can sense that my stomach is crumbling. With this, my sensory skills are being put in to test and see if it will mature on the time it is designated to be. Accordingly, my locomotion skills are also honed at this early period. At two years old or even earlier, I learned how to cra wl, walk and run. These skills are constantly practiced everyday and sooner, I perfected it all and was allowed to be alone.Additionally, throughout my infancy years, I learned how to calculate every step that I make so that I will not hurt my self in the long run. With the help of my parents and other people around me that time, I began to slowly learn how to understand some of the little things that I know and show to them that I am gradually becoming independent from all their help. My emotions then are also satisfied and used as indicators of whatever I am feeling. When I cry, my mother would always be in a rush to give me food only to find out that I have spoiled my diapers.That is when I get to practice my emotional skills and make them better as time goes on. After being cradled for very long by different people and bring them trouble at first, I then began to be a little ease to them because of my ability to walk without the assistance of any body. And as part of growing up, I began to scratch my knee, my head and all other parts of my body because of my carelessness but of course, my parents does not blame me for this because they know I am just learning to do things on my own and I am prone to such wounds.Also, at two years, I have already learned to utter words which for my parents are their most ecstatic time. This is the first time that they heard me call them â€Å"mom† and â€Å"dad† and my simple words made them very happy because they know that in a short time, I will begin to ask them questions, to tell me stories and interrogate them after they have arrived from work. I guess hearing your son or daughter speak for the very first time is one of the most high time for a parent. Of course babies do not have the ability to speak clearly but at least, I am able to utter a nearly-sounding word in addressing my parents.This is also the same time that my parents have decided to enroll me to a preparatory school so that I could learn ab out things on the earliest days of my life. From there, I began to conceptualize about my own fantasy world. And at the same time make friends out of my own. I practiced independence from the time I entered school and little by little I came to polish my language and some of the talents which I haven’t discovered yet. After my preparatory school, I entered the formal school at age five.From then on, I already had the knowledge to identify my difference with the boys in the class and my similarities with the other girls in our class. During this time, I came to love Barbie and hate guns as toys. I realized that guns are not for me but for the boys. My clothes then mostly are patterned after that of Barbie and pants are my best enemy. Also during this time, I learned how to act for my gender and age. I began to identify which are the things that I should and should not do so that when Christmas time comes, I will be receiving a gift from Santa Claus. My group of friends started to build up this time.The peers I have are usually girls so that I could have someone to play Barbie with. The idea of entertaining boys into our circle did not cross our minds then and we consider them as our ultimate opponent in any kind of game there is known to us. On to middle childhood, I have already established a strong bond of friendship to other people. This time, I am open to having the opposite sex as my friends and that they are just the same as the girls are. I already have a deep sense of belongingness to the circle of friends I have had and that it is them who I turn to every time I am in a great trouble.At the onset of this stage, I was able to fully embrace the idea of having talents and other capabilities apart from those that are taught in school. At this point in time, I also began to rate my self depending on how I perceive it and the way I look in front of the mirror. This time, I am fully conscious of what clothes I wear, the style of my hair and the way I c arry my bag. Since then, I also tried to scrutinize my self in almost all aspects, this is also the time when I began to comparing the whole me to the other girls who are surrounding me.Subsequently, since I feel that I am mature enough to handle on things, I began to consider working with other as a team and play as the leader so I could exercise my power above them. This is the same time where I began to acknowledge the fact that there is always no ‘I’ in the word ‘team’. Since I have reached the ripe age of 18, my parents and other people surrounding me have this perception that I am already a mature person and so, I was allowed to take things on my own hand and whatever consequence it may bring me, I will have to answer it all.There is no need for me to seek the approval of my parents regarding the clothes I will wear and the kind of friends I will be joining with. The most important thing for me that time is my college degree and my future after finish ing secondary school. Also, during this time I was able to experience different sexual relationships with the opposite gender. This is a significant leap in my formative years because with that, I am able to understand what older people have always been telling me.At first I am reluctant to commit myself to such relationship due to the possibility that my parents would disapprove of the man and my other concern then was, the man’s intention of me and whether or not he will eventually break my heart. Emotions during this time are on a high because of the different kinds of phenomena that have transpired in my life. But these emotions, especially hatred, are kept with in my self because I am afraid that others will mock me for that. After graduating from college, I have formally gain independence from my parents and with that; I have to work so I could earn money for my own consumption.This independence entails a bigger responsibility for me to do and I was challenged with its every bit. Upon learning such, I even became more excited to go out in to the world and try my luck in securing my self financially. And of course, I have clearly and sternly identified my gender and how I should be acting to show the world who I really am. Coming from several relationships, I have fully established the way people should see me and I should continue to hone that in case there will be time when I am again confused of my gender identity.Another clear point that I have conceptualized that time is the path that I will take to become the person I want to be. This is the same time I have laid plans on which career I should be little by little achieving. I have programmed my self then that I am to become a writer. This is the only thing that I love to do and from that, I have long been dreaming to be known around the world as a wonderful writer. At this time I am still enjoying the kind of relationship I have with the opposite sex. More than the signature bags, dating boys after boys made me very happy.This went on until I finally realized that at one point, I should be looking forward to settling with somebody who I know will take good care of me and will provide for me when we decide to live on our own. For a short span of time, the thought on being a magnate consumed me but this same idea flew away from my head as fast it entered. At the onset of my late 20’s and early 30’s life was wonderful. It was that time when I had an intimate relationship and was able to bear a child for my own. This is also the same time when I began to build a family of my own together with the man I have truly loved for all these years.The happiness that I felt when I learned that I am to bear my first child is wonderful, I am almost speechless. Many thoughts lingered in to my mind and then came my fear on how to raise the child the way that my parents did with me. I should be responsible enough to handle all the things that my child needs to be able to gro w up so well. My lifestyle has also changed after I got married. Many twists and turns happen especially during the early stages of my married life because my partner and I have to adjust on things and be considerate with the feelings of each other.From the happy-go-lucky gal that I am, I became refined and more bound to go home straight after a tiring day at work. I would rather burn my hand while cooking dinner for my husband than to party all night and end being hooked with someone who I really do not want at all. Work then is not the kind I have dreamt of earlier, my work involves so much of my physical capability as well as the mental. I do not have the luxury to choose whatever work I want then because I know I have to help my husband to earn and save for our coming family.It was like being carried by a strong wind in to a new place because there is no recourse, I believe, when I have promised my self to a man who dreams of nothing but good fortune for me and the family. This is the time when I have the most exciting and at the same time nerve-wracking experiences because of the fact that soon, I will have to build a family and raise children to become better persons and the future of the nation. Despite the age, I have managed to rekindle the intimacy that my partner and I have experienced a few years back.There are times when I still date my husband and be left alone by our children. We take advantage of this time and make the best out of it. The feeling that we both have felt in our younger years was revived and the intimacy we subject our selves then are repeating despite the difference in physical features. Also, I tend to be more attached to my work and hold on to it until I am satisfied with the kind of results and performance I deliver. Even if there are times when I feel aches in my body, I still decide to report for work so that I can supervise the works that my subordinates render.This way I also became more hands-on to the work that I have an d not depend on the extent of my worker’s capability to do the job for me. I also try to become more attracted to work more than ever because the same work gives me a kind of superiority above my husband since I am earning money from my own hard work and this same money I use to finance the needs of the family whenever he is not around. Accordingly, I keep my self busy in fulfilling my role as a house maker to give my family a better place to live in and the environment are always conducive for their holistic growth.I make it a point that what my family receive is the best for them and that I should not settle them to second rate meals and house to live at. According to studies, life begins at 50 and with me, it is real. Life took its 360 degree turn when I reached the age and with that I saw things on a different perspective, color and understanding. Since then I began to prepare myself that sooner our little house will also be an empty nest just like the way it is for my pa rents when I decided to marry the man I ought to live forever with.On the later part of my life, I have managed to overcome the idea of caring for the relationship that I have established in the entire course of my longevity in this world. Then again, I also handled the kind of intimacy that my husband and I have long before felt which made us decide to start on building our own family. On the onset of my late adulthood life, I tend to become more fragile. I sometimes become a burden to my family for the time they have to take care of me every time I am sick. At this point, I also stopped working due to its complexities.My family has commissioned someone to look after me everyday and help me take my medicines to prolong my life. Also, I began to accept that life for me is almost over and I am in the twilight zone of my life. Since I am spending most of my time at home with my grandchildren, I have perfected a new role in their eyes. I soon became their guarding light and source of i nspiration. And it is also from them whom I draw courage and strength to proceed with life and accept the every day challenges that it has in store for me.Also with that, I became more accustomed to being the fountain of knowledge in the perspective of my grandchildren as they try to test my mental and intellectual ability by asking me certain things about life and all other things there is that they would want to know about. Because of my old age, at night I tend to surrender my self to God and ask Him to prepare me for the upcoming battles that I have to take. My prayer also comes with the intention of asking Him to make my self an epitome of someone who will have eternal peace in His arms when the time comes that He has to take me out of this world.All things that I need to surrender to God are all ready and that I am just waiting for His call to pick me up and give me the final rest that I have longed been waiting for. It is during this time when I ask Him to give me the courage to let go of everything that I have in possession including the family that I have built. This part of my life is devoted in intensifying the knowledge and memories that my family especially my grandchildren so that they would remember me even if I am not already with them.For my part, I know that I have imbibed to them the different learning I have acquired during my developmental years which made me a better person. It will also be during this time when I have to secure all the things I have so that I can show the family I will be leaving behind that I love them so much and with that, I did everything to provide them with all the possible material things available for human kind. Aging has come to its fullest. At the very brittle age of 75, there is no way for me to work, manage a career or ever revive a dead intimate relationship.With that comes the recognition of the physical changes that is attributable to my aging. White hairs and brittle bones have consumed me and I should b e ready to receive my eternal rest anytime soon. This is also the same time that I experience looking back on all the things that had happened throughout my life and compare it with the generation that the world has currently produced. The simplicity of life then would be incomparable to the complexities of today but the learning that I have acquired then is definitely one of the most treasured knowledge that I have.I always tend to look back on the things that make living then a happy and at the same time progressive life. Despite all the adversaries, I was able to come up with a different kind of perception to other people. I feel that I was able to leave a mark on their lives and this mark will forever be etched in to their minds that will not make them forget me. Life at that age does not need to be complicated and hard; instead it should be as memorable as possible so that memories will be stored in the minds of those who will be left behind. Life is beautiful and it is more be autiful if there are persons who make living each day worthwhile.

Marketing principles for organizations

1. Marketing PhilosophyThe adoption of marketing is nearly as old as humanity itself.   Whenever there is a consumer demanding a product or service and a supplier willing to supply such good, marketing is adopted.   The marketing philosophy essentially entails the strategic organizational aim of determining needs and wants of selected markets and providing goods and services that satisfy such wants in a more efficient and effective way than competitors.   In the last decade several organizations started following such principle in order to endure in the market.For instance, McDonald’s Corporation applies a strong marketing orientation.   They are constantly keen on what the customer wants and change their products and services accordingly.   For example, McDonald’s adopted the philosophy of ‘QSC & V’ to attract and retain clients.   It stands for quality, service, cleanliness and value.   They guarantee that clients enter a spotless clean rest aurant and are served by friendly personnel.   Indeed employees are carefully thought the art of servicing clients in all regions across the world.Recently the aforementioned marketing concept has evolved to consider also the need of society.   The societal marketing philosophy, as it is commonly known, comprises that apart from determining the needs and wants of clientele in target markets and delivering goods and services that better than competitors, these goods and services are also provided in a way that sustain the society’s well-being.This is a challenging principle as one can note.   However, some meticulous organizations are already following it.   For example, when the tampered cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol were marketed by Johnson & Johnson and ended up killing a number of persons, the company immediately collected back all the defective goods, even though the corporation supposed that the pills had been altered only in a few retail shops.   Although the collection expenses amounted to $240 million, the company managed to keep customers’ confidence and loyalty on the products offered, leading such good to remain a leading pain reliever in its market.1.1   Need for market researchAs one can note, to successfully adopt an effective marketing orientation, it is important that managers are fully aware of the customers needs and wants.   To further compound the issue, today’s markets are extremely dynamic and susceptible to change.   For example, car manufacturers are extremely keen on customer tastes in order to produce vehicles in line with such wants.   Therefore management is required to be constantly on the alert of what the client is demanding.   The effectiveness of marketing intelligence systems to obtain such information is weak. The need thus arose of obtaining information directly from the market through marketing research.The marketing research process consists of the following four steps: · Defi ning the problem and research objectives – market management and researchers define thoroughly the problem at hand and the research objectives that can aid in solving such issue. · Developing the research plan – the information needed is determined at this stage.   Researchers will then seek the secondary data already available and how the primary data can be obtained.  Ã‚   Primary market data can be achieved through a variety of marketing research mediums available, such as experimental research, observational research and more. · Implementing the research plan – once the methods of collecting information are set, the collection of such information commences in this stage together with the processing and analyzing of such information gathered. · Interpreting and Reporting the findings – the last but not least step is the interpretation of the date collected and presented jointly with valid conclusions.Marketing research is a very expensive bus iness operation, which sometimes may amount to millions of dollars.   However, the information derived is very valuable to the organization and can aid management in good decisions to be a market leader.   A typical example that comes to mind is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) venture in the Japanese market.Such market seems impenetrable by many American and European organizations.   The non-tariff barriers, the iron grip of the keiretsu kigyi (banking groups), and the committed Japanese workforce make it very complex for an outside firm to infiltrate their market.   KFC, yet, was capable to enter this market and is actually performing better than the United States Market.   As a matter of fact, in the 90s the 1,470 Asian outlets sales averaged 60% more than the United States average.Through vigilant marketing research the KFC management, comprehended that in large Asian cities there is an increasing absorption of young middle-class workforce with growing income who are e ager to pay further for American-style restaurants.   This exposed the viability of the project to KFC managers.   Market research also brought to KFC attention that the number of Asian women in the labour force is increasing considerably, who has a smaller amount of time for food preparation at home and consequently the need for fast-food restaurants in Asia is increasing.   With this information KFC management instantaneously recognised the strategic window of opportunity that is available and took appropriate action to operate fruitfully in that market.1.2   Marketing Mix ElementsThe marketing mix concept originated from Neil. H. Borden who suggests the utilization of the four main controllable variables of management to reach the marketing orientation approach.   The marketing mix elements are the following: · Product – there are three levels of products, which the organization should classify their products in, because customer attitude and response would be different under each category.   These are augmented, actual and core products.   In marketing, the product quality and features are not the only elements that form a good product.   Today’s fierce competition demands that managers also focus on the product design apart from the ones previously mentioned.   Nike, for example, employs 60 designers and issue 500 different footwear designs each year.   Attention should also be directed towards branding, product packaging and labeling.  Ã‚   These are important features to attain market leadership.Every product or service marketed passes through a life, commonly known as product life cycle.   These are product development stage, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.   The other marketing mix elements described below should be in line with the stage the product is in to ensure a proper market orientation. ·   Price – the price decision is also an important one.   Management can choose from three main categories, being cost based pricing methods, market pricing methods and competition based pricing methods.   The selection of the optimal price depends on internal and external variables.   Internal factors affecting pricing decisions are:   marketing objectives, marketing-mix strategies, costs and organizational considerations.   The external factors are:   market features and demand, competitors’ costs, prices and offers and other external factors like economic conditions. · Distribution – the distribution channels utilized should be effective in order to ensure that the product is delivered more effectively than competitors.   There are different number of distribution channels used, like direct-marketing channel in which no intermediary levels are adopted, vertical marketing system and horizontal marketing system.   Under the latter two intermediaries are used. · Promotion – the promotion mix is a very expensive but effective marketin g mix element.   It can for instance sustain a product brand.   Promotion is also important to inform clients about the product or services offered especially at the introductory stage of a product/service.   The mass-promotion tools available are advertising, sales promotion and public relations.   These should be designed and implemented carefully to maximize their effectiveness.   Likewise it is important that personal selling maintain the messages adopted in the promotion mix through the sales force behavior with clients.1.3   Final Thought – Benefits of MarketingEven though marketing seems elaborate it is very fruitful for a firm.   By understanding the customer we can reach the clients and sell our goods.   Client retention and market leadership can also be attained with the aid of marketing.   Failure to apply marketing to understand the client can be detrimental.   .   For instance, Disney made the fatal mistake of not separating European custome rs with American ones in the Euro Disney project.They originally designed a park similar to the American one, incorrectly neglecting the cultural differences that exist.   For example, they adopted a policy of serving no alcohol in the park.   This was extremely unpleasant to such culture because in France wine is habitual for lunch and dinner.   Thus the organization suffered $921 million losses in the first financial year, and had to rapidly change some aspects of the park in order to survive in the European market.References:Hartley R. (2000).   Management Mistakes & Successes.   Sixth Edition.   New York:   John Wiley & Sons Inc.Hume S (1990).   Advertising Age.   McDonald’s Fred Turner:   making all the right moves.Kotler P.; Armstrong G.; Saunders J.; Wong V. (1999).   Principles of Marketing.   Second Edition.   London:   Prentice Hall.

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes

Speaking in front of a crowd for any occasion needs a little prep, let alone the most important day of a couples new life together. And giving a toast might seem like small potatoes among all of the things you have to do that day—but you still dont want to goof it up. Whether youre the best man or maid of honor tasked with making a speech, one of the members of the happy couple wanting to honor your new love or a parent tasked with creating a touching moment, you want the words to come out right. Prevent yourself from becoming an epic fail meme all over social media (and you know people will be filming). Incorporate these heartfelt  quotations, quick quips, or famous sayings into your wedding day speech or toast.   Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride Heres to the prettiest, heres to the wittiest,Heres to the truest of all who are true,Heres to the neatest one, heres to the sweetest one,Heres to them, all in one—heres to you. To the Groom Heres to the groom, a man who keeps his head though he loses his heart. To the Bridesmaids A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Heres to these beautiful bridesmaids. We admire them for their beauty, respect them for their intelligence, adore them for their virtues, and love them because we cant help it. To the Bride May she share everything with her husband, including the housework. Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride She knows all about me and loves me just the same. Wedding Toast, From the Parents of the Bride and Groom It is written: When children find true love, parents find true joy. Heres to your joy and ours, from this day forward. To the Gathering Let us toast the health of the bride;Let us toast the health of the groom,Let us toast the person that tied;Let us toast every guest in the room. To the Bride and Groom Look down. you gods, and on this couple drop a blessed crown. Remember that if you ever put your marital problems on the back burner, they are sure to boil over. Happy marriages begin when we marry the one we love, and they blossom when we love the one we married. My greatest wish for the two of you is that through the years your love for each other will so deepen and grow  that years from now you will look back on this day, your wedding day, as the day you loved each other the least. May the best day of your past be the worst day of your future. Marriage: A community consisting of a master, a mistress, and two slaves—making, in all, two. May the roof above you never fall in and may you both never fall out. To the lamp of love—may it burn brightest in the darkest hours and never flicker in the winds of trial. May for better or worse be far better than worse. The man or woman you really love will never grow old to you.Through the wrinkles of time, through the bowed frame of years,You will always see the dear face and feelThe warm heart union of your eternal love. May you have many childrenand may they grow mature in tasteand healthy in colorand as sought afteras the contents of the glass. Quotes From the Famous Rainer Maria RilkeA good marriage is that in which each appoints the other guardian of his solitude. Gwendolyn BrooksWe are each other’s harvest; we are each other’s business; we are each other’s magnitude and bond. Jane Austen, Pride and PrejudiceOh, Lizzy! Do anything rather than marry without affection. Mignon McLaughlinIn the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing. Friedrich NietzscheIt is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages. Franz SchubertHappy is the man who finds a true friend, and far happier is he  who finds that true friend in his wife. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage. Elizabeth AshleyIn a great romance, each person plays a part the other really likes. George Jean NathanLove is an emotion experienced by the many and enjoyed by the few. Elizabeth GilbertTo be fully seen by somebody, then, and be loved anyhow—this is a human offering that can border on miraculous. Robert Anderson,  Solitaire Double SolitaireIn every marriage more than a week old, there are grounds for divorce. The trick is to find, and continue to find, grounds for marriage. Sydney J. HarrisAlmost no one is foolish enough to imagine that he automatically deserves great success in any field of activity, yet almost everyone believes that he automatically deserves success in marriage. Amy GrantThe more you invest in a marriage, the more valuable it becomes. Mother TeresaThe hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the hunger for bread. Paul ValeryLove is being stupid together. American ProverbYou have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince. Dr. James C. DobsonDont marry the person you think you can live with; marry only the individual you think you cant live without. Franklin P. JonesLove doesnt make the world go round; love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Kristen KappelLove is when you look into someones  eyes and see everything you need. Lucy Van Pelt,  in Peanuts, by Charles M. SchulzAll I really need is love, but a little chocolate now and then doesnt hurt! Tony HeathBe presidents of each others fan clubs. Dave MeurerA  great marriage  is not when the perfect couple come together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. MadonnaTo be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give; that takes courage. Because we dont want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt.