Essay on Charles Mingus in the 1950s - 3762 Words

Charles Mingus in the 1950s Charles Mingus is one of the most original and influential jazz composers of the twentieth century. He created the second-largest volume of jazz work after Duke Ellington (McDonough 20), and is the first African-American composer to have his work acquired by the Library of Congress (Harrington B1). Mingus is known for his unusual style of composing and playing, which attempted to reconcile jazz improvisation with orchestration, in order for the final composition to conform most closely to his vision. Also, Mingus liberated the bass from its mundane role of keeping time, turning it into a fully versatile instrument as capable of stating the theme as the horns. While forging a new role for his instrument, he†¦show more content†¦While he was already an accomplished artist, it appeared at the time that music would not be a practical way for him to make a living. In 1949 he moved to New York and began to work for the U.S. Postal Service, his fathers employer (Zenni 4, 8). By the n he was thirty years old. In New York, he met drummer Max Roach, and over time, they routinely visited with each other, forming a musical and personal relationship. Roach landed Mingus his first major date with the beboppers in 1952. Several of the great bebop artists, Charlie Parker, pianist Bud Powell, Roach and Dizzy Gillespie, were to perform at Massey Hall in Toronto. Roach asked Mingus to take the place of bassist Oscar Pettiford, who had been injured. This event, billed on the cover of its LP recording as The Greatest Jazz Concert Ever, marked the beginning of Mingus period of closest alignment with the bebop movement. The concert was flawed in numerous ways; most notably, an important boxing match was happening the same night, so only a third of the seats were taken at Massey Hall. Charlie Parker, who forgot his saxophone and picked out a white plastic one to use after driving around Toronto, was sparring with Gillespie throughout the entire concert. Gillespie would frequently go backstage to get updates on the boxing match. For his part, Powell arrived inebriated. The same disorder prevailed at a later show, Parkers last one at Birdland . Disgusted patrons left theShow MoreRelatedCharles Mingus and Civil Rights1572 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Mingus was one of the most influential and groundbreaking jazz musicians and composers of the 1950s and 1960s. The virtuoso bassist gained fame in the 1940s and 1950s working with such jazz greats as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Art Tatum, and many others. His compositions pushed harmonic barriers, combining Western-European classical styles with African-American roots music. While examining his career is valuable from musical standpoint, his career also provides a powerfulRead MoreEssay on Jazz3014 Words   |  13 PagesLucky Thompson, trumpeters Fats Navarro, Kenny Dorham, and Miles Davis, pianists Bud Powell, Duke Jordan, Al Haig, and Thelonious Monk, vibraphonist Milt Jackson, bassists Oscar Pettiford, Tommy Potter, and Charles Mingus, and drummers Max Roach, Kenny Clarke, and Roy Haynes. Miles, Monk, and Mingus went on to further advances in the po st-bebop eras, and their music will be discussed later. Cool Jazz Although Miles Davis first appeared on bebop recordings of Charlie Parker, his first important sessionRead MoreThe Legacy Of Jazz And The Civil Rights Movement1432 Words   |  6 PagesAustin Hartshorn Mr. McQuade AP Literature May 2, 2016 Marvels of Mingus Jazz is considered America’s gift to the world. Throughout all of America’s history jazz has been there to accompany and reflect it. But jazz has had its own history that is often underappreciated and hidden from the general public. There is evidence of this covering up of the history of jazz for example in the civil rights movement. The roots of jazz started with the bringing of African slaves to the Americas. While many doRead MoreCool Jazz : Music And Jazz1036 Words   |  5 PagesMusician of the Year award in 1947. At nineteen, Gerry Mulligan wrote and played for Gene Krupa’s orchestra and then for Claude Thornhill. Also at this time, he was studying with Gil Evans and began associating with artists such as John Lewis, Charles Mingus, Lee Konitz, George Russell, Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, Jack â€Å"Zoot† Sims, and Al Cohn. Chicago s white alto saxophonist Lee Konitz was the quintessential cool musician, having played with Claude Thornhill (1947), Miles Davis (1948) andRead MoreJazz Albums as Art Essay4662 Words   |  19 Pageswhen all of a jazz albums artistic values are high, music and package alike, the listener/observer/holder/reader has access to an aesthetic experience that is deeply and uniquely satisfying. Prior to the introduction of the 12-inch LP in 1950, 78 rpm jazz records (and records in all categories) were packaged either in single paper sleeves or in sleeve-pages of albums having two or more platters bundled together. They were albums (from Latin albus, white) in the sense that they consistedRead MoreChange Of The Century By Ornette Coleman Analysis1776 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyzing Coleman’s music style, Stephen Rush, Professor of Music at the University of Michigan, goes as far as comparing Coleman’s timeline with events during the civil rights movement. Although it is common to link the civil rights tension during the 1950s and 1960s to Coleman’s free jazz pieces, there is no significant evidence of its impact on his songs. In actuality, Coleman’s experimental nature and reaction against bebop sounds were stronger influences on his free jazz works. Contrary to howRead MoreThe Independent Record Labels of the 1950’s and 1960’s4437 Words   |  18 PagesThe Independent Record Labels of the 1950’s and 1960’s History of Music Production Eric Eller Throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s, a wave of new musical movements by independent record labels and new artists emerged in the United States. This movement is captured in the stories of those label creators and owners, and in the turbulent journey through their successes and failures. The first emergence was fueled by multiple factors: competitive economic circumstances, up-and-coming local musicalRead MoreThe Music Of Jazz Music Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesDixieland bands while he studied at the Southeastern Louisiana University. Majoring in music, he graduated in 1950. Evans joined the army soon after graduation and was placed in the Fifth Army Band near Chicago. After three years in the service, he left and moved to New York in 1954 where he played with musicians such as Herbie Fields, Mundell Lowe, Red Mitchell, Tony Scott and Charles Mingus. In 1956, Bill Evans recorded his first album as a leader for Riverside; New Jazz Conceptions. This album hadRead MoreThe Korean War : An Economic, Social, And Cultural Interregnum2401 Words   |  10 Pagesconnection with San Francisco down the years and they were all fairly well known amongst bohemian intellectuals before they ever saw the city. William Burroughs, several years older than the rest, had first brought them together in New York shortly after 1950. Kerouac and Ginsberg were at that time students at Columbia and Gregory Corso a non-student at Harvard University. For several years a group of very hip young men had been running a magazine in St. Louis called Neurotica. About 1952 two of the editorsRead MoreEssay on Jazz2018 Words   |  9 Pagesaudience who are always open to new sensations. As I was watching the documentary on the infamous Blue Note recording company, one of the jazz musicians that they interviewed made an interesting comment about the African-American jazz artists in the 1950s-1960s composing songs about their struggle for civil rights. I found that interesting becaus e I never knew that I was listening to instrumental songs about civil rights protesting. I really wanted to do an I-Search paper on jazz, but I decided to research

Frank Lloyd Wright A Biography - 992 Words

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8, 1867 in Richland Center, Wisconsin. As a child, Wright was far closer to his mother than his father and it was reported that after his parents divorced in 1881, Frank Lloyd Wright never laid eyes on his father again. The premier male influence on Wright in his teen years was a maternal uncle who got Wright into a prodigious school and encouraged him intellectually. Within the immediate household, Frank became the primary caregiver for his mother and two sisters. Anna, Wrights mother, was indulgent of her sons whims and it was said that she never punished him, but instead treated him as her equal, leading to a personality which would not accept that he was ever in error on anything (Secret 1998, page 62). Even as a young man, Wright knew that his interests lay in architecture and in the furthering of architecture as an art form. There is no documentation that Wright either completed high school or college after entering the Uni versity of Wisconsin, although he would be awarded an honorary doctorate in 1955. By the age of twenty, Wright had established himself as a budding architect and moved to Chicago, Illinois. The 1871 Great Chicago Fire had destroyed much of the citys buildings and construction firms were still working on revitalizing the city in 1887 at the time of Wrights arrival in Illinois (Mayo 2004, page 15). At the time, Chicago had become the second largest city in America and would become famousShow MoreRelated Biography of Frank Lloyd Wright Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was arguably one of the best architects of the 19th and 20th centuries. His works ranged from traditional buildings typical to the late 1800’s to ultramodern designs (Official Site 1). He had a great knowledge of the land and his buildings were practical in terms of their surroundings. Wright’s appreciation and love for nature was a key characteristic, and a strong influence in his architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright was born in 1867 inRead MoreFrank Lloyd Wright s Style Of Architecture967 Words   |  4 Pages FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 1 Frank Lloyd Wright Kyle Joseph Clifford Saint Joseph s Collegiate Institute FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 2 Abstract It s well known that Frank Lloyd Wright was an outstanding architect but it s been in debate why exactly the perfect place for Wright to create next level architecture was Buffalo and how did it influence the city. Architecture during the 1900s was very uniqueRead MoreExploring Discovering The Truth, Or The Myth Of The Architect3114 Words   |  13 Pagesthought processes. 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He is perhaps one of the most influential U.S architects of the twentieth century. Having designed at least 700 completed works, one could say Wright was an exceptionallyRead MoreEssay about Frank Lloyd Wright4265 Wor ds   |  18 Pagesintend to be the greatest architect of all time. - Frank Lloyd Wright 1867-1959 It appears that from the very beginning, Frank Lloyd Wright was destined by fate or determination to be one of the most celebrated architects of the twentieth century. Not only did Wright possess genius skills in the spatial cognition, his approach to architecture through geometric manipulation demonstrates one aspect of his creativeness. Forever a great businessman, Wright seemed to know how to please his clients and stillRead MoreAnalysis Of Frank Lloyd Wright And Zaha Hadid1979 Words   |  8 Pagesof decades. However, fragments of the beauty created many years ago still exists. Frank Lloyd Wright and Zaha Hadid, though different in their architectural visions both contributed and continue to contribute to the art of architecture today, surpassing their existence here on earth. While gender differences are evident, both renowned architects overcame obstacles to achieve a legacy far greater than expected. Wright, withstanding an era negatively impacted by race and war persevered t hrough, managingRead MoreThe Life of Charles Rennie Mackintosh Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pagesdesign. Especially popular in Austria and Germany, Mackintoshs work was highly acclaimed when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900†(Spartacus Educational). Charles was alive during the Vienna Secession that also inspired Frank Lloyd Wright. 4. Charles had an apprenticeship under John Hutchinson. Charles first joined the Honeyman and Keppie architectural practice. He was a Draughtsman. This is where he started his first major architectural project. 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In fact, Francis Fisher Browne eventually dabbled in writing himself; he wrote and published a biography of Abraham Lincoln, (entitled The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln), in 1886. While Browne s upbringing and writing filled surroundings led him to appreciating literature, it also led to him wanting to share that with others. He found a way to spreadRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pagestexts. Waverley Library database Log on to the database Literature Resource Centre - HSC English Syllabus via the Waverley library home page either though the internet in the library or at home using your library card. This database includes biographies, bibliographies and critical analyses of HSC English Syllabus authors. 2 Prescribed texts - do not choose from this area. These are the prescribed texts for Belonging. It has been strongly suggested that when you are choosing a related text

Hurricane Andrew 3 Essay Example For Students

Hurricane Andrew 3 Essay The government agencies provide better mitigation plans than local communities. With their budget and plans, they will be able to shield Florida from future devastation. While promoting research and publicizing the detrimental effects of hurricanes, the government can minimize the loss of lives as well as the costs of the damages following the tropical storm strikes. For the first half of the 20th century, Florida was hit with the hardest blows by hurricanes. Locals started taking more precautions toward this natural phenomenon, but as decades went by, nothing happened and the damages left behind by the last tropical storm dissipated from their minds. Nature has not disturbed Florida until 1992 when Hurricane Andrew struck. Before Hurricane Andrew, protection against storms was minimal. The roofers on top of the buildings offered close to no shielding. Buildings could be blown away by strong winds, let alone hurricanes. Evacuations were nearly impossible when a storm stirred up. Florida proved to be one of the most hazard-prone areas, which is why it is extremely crucial for the state implement safety plans to deal with the consequences following natural disasters. Theres a list of mitigation plans that communities can use to limit the costs dealing with disasters. Hospitals can be built in hazard prone to provide health care for those whose lives are in danger. Businesses should be discouraged from being built in hazardous zones. Certain homes and buildings are limited to minimize damage as much as possible. The public should be Hurricane Andrew 4 notified of the dangers of living in their homes if they live in a zone where hurricanes hit frequently. Hurricane Andrew devastated Floridas economy tremendously in the August of 1992. The tropical storm cost the United States $25 $30 billion and gained the title as the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history. It destroyed nearly 63,000 homes, damaged another 100,000 homes, and left 250,000 people homeless. Much action couldve been done to prevent this. After the hurricane, the Laboratory for Structural Mitigation ordered that roof sheathing panels must be constructed in every home because it protects homes from the pressure of the winds. The International Hurricane Research Center also conjured up many disciplines to mitigate the damages. Among the disciplines involve architecture, finance, insurance, and urban planning. Brought to attention, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) decided to hike up the insurance rate for hazard prone areas because their argument was that people should pay the price of living in high-risk areas. After Hurricane Andrew, much research was done on hurricanes. The research provided information on how to design homes that will best shield the interior. More information was given about development that lead to hurricane loss reduction devices and other techniques to counter the disaster. One such example is the creation of hurricane traps that will allow homes to maximize losses of property. The Residential Construction Mitigation Program focused their program on educating the public on hurricanes through public education programs, Hurricane Andrew 5 continuously researching to develop new mitigation techniques, and to encourage homeowners to better shield their homes. Though all this was done by all different programs, it is not enough to save lives and help lessen the amount of damage done. The governor has stepped into this issue by creating training seminars for volunteers to prepare for potential future disasters. Governor Jeb Bush has also reinforced the importance of being for a storm by giving the public the access to hurricane information. The public is aware of the damages that hurricanes are capable of causing and acknowledges the routes one can take for ones safety. .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .postImageUrl , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:hover , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:visited , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:active { border:0!important; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:active , .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u867eff07b26067126de5c54291db165f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maturity Levels In Characters Essay They can evacuate or follow building codes. Its not a matter of intruding privately owned lands; its a matter of safety and protection. Governmental agencies should have the right to regulate the use of privately owned lands in hazard prone areas. It is the governments best interest to limit costs of damages as well as protect the lives of the people. The government has the power to dramatically reduce future hurricane damages. They have the money to fund different kinds of programs. They have the right to build new buildings that are able to withstand the strength of an upcoming disaster and have the ability to make improvements for the old buildings. The government can transform some of the buildings into instant shelters for the people. They have the means to encourage safe building codes to homeowners and contractors. Since the government owns the roads and highways, they can improve them for easier evacuations when the time calls for it. .

To what extent do you feel that Romeo and Juliet is a play about love or hate Essay Example

To what extent do you feel that Romeo and Juliet is a play about love or hate? Essay In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare shows how the themes of love and hate exist paradoxically; without love hate would not exist. Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet highlights how love can influence anger and violence. The Capulets and Montagues are two authoritative families, in Verona. Each family cares for themselves, and hate the opposing family, this hatred has become the foundation of the vicious feud between the families. The love Capulet has for his daughter, Juliet, in the beginning of the play, fuels his hate for Juliet when Juliet disobeys him and will not get married to Paris. Is it love for Juliet that fuels the hate or does he not want to be seen as a weak parent in Veronas society? During the 16th century, men were the predominant sex, and consequently in control of other family members, especially women. But, when Juliet defies Capulet she is portrayed as a strong feminist character. Romeo and Juliets romantic love separates them from the rest of Veronas violent society. Romeo and Juliets love leads to the horrific way their lives ended after only knowing each other for just two days. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do you feel that Romeo and Juliet is a play about love or hate? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do you feel that Romeo and Juliet is a play about love or hate? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do you feel that Romeo and Juliet is a play about love or hate? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Throughout the 16th century, religion was very important to society; therefore Shakespeares audience would have seen Romeo and Juliet to be condemned to hell, as they committed suicide and ended there own life, which was against Gods natural course. The Elizabethan audience would have taken the play Romeo and Juliet as a tragedy. Where as the modern day audience regard the play to be a romantic love story. In Romeo and Juliet two types of love are evident. One in Patrachan love; this is a concept of unattainable love first developed by Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Patrach. Shakespeare illustrates Romeo as a Patrachan lover, in the beginning of the play; when he is in love with Rosaline, shell not be hit with Cupids arrow, and she hath Dians wit and in strong proof of chastity well armed. The references to Cupid and Dian are an indication to mythological gods, which was often used in Patrachan poetry. Using elaborate conceits Romeo describes Rosaline as a goddess, this is a ridiculous comparison because she is only human and he has not met anyone else that he has fallen truly in love with yet. Romeo also uses reference to war, he says that she was well armed, suggesting that Romeo may want to win her over but has to go through her armour, protection first. Dian was the goddess of hunting; therefore Romeo may have wanted to be Rosalines prey and be caught by her eye. The second type of love used in the play Romeo and Juliet is romantic love; romantic love is a form of love that is often regarded as different from mere needs driven by sexual desire. Juliet influences Romeo to turn into a romantic lover; this is shown by the intense passion that springs up at first sight of each other. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I neer saw true beauty till this night. Shakespeare uses the contrast of love between Romeo and Juliet, compared to his love of Romeo and Rosaline, to highlight how their love was real and not driven by sexual desires. To illustrate how strong and passionate Romeo and Juliets love is they share a Shakespearean sonnet, which is different when compared to a Patrachan sonnet, as it contains less hyperbole good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, which mannerly devotion shows in this, for saints have hands that pilgrims hands to touch. Shakespeares audience would have seen the sonnet as controversial because they were both sharing it, but in the 16th century men where suppose to be the dominant sex; so therefore if the sonnet was shared it would be seen as women were equal to men. This further emphasizes how Romeo and Juliets love is true as it is so equal and therefore different to the rest of Verona. Shakespeare explores the love for friends and family and how this love can become an overpowering hate. In Romeo and Juliet Romeo marries Juliet and therefore loves Tybalt as he is part of his family, Romeo also loves his friend Mercutio. But, when Romeo has to choose between family love and love for a friend Romeo chooses a friend, when Mercutio has been killed Romeo seeks revenge on Tybalt. Shakespeare demonstrates how love and hate affect each other, so therefore one cannot exist without the other. Romeo experiences love for his friend which causes him to have hate for the family. Juliet may be viewed as a powerful female character; her strength is evident in her defiance of her fathers demand that she marrys Paris Good father, I beseech you on my knees. Juliet being portrayed as a strong feminist character it is different to the rest of Veronas matriarchal society. During the 16th Century Juliet would be seen as a womens role model, because she was able to stand up to the dominating male society and speak what she believed in and wanted. For this reason the audience watching Shakespeares play may have believed in Juliet and what she wanted, for example that she wanted to marry Romeo and that she didnt want to marry Paris because she was already married. Alternatively, the audience may have seen her as a disloyal daughter and that she was doing wrong. Because Capulet had given everything for her and she was prepared to just through it all away just to marry Romeo. Juliet would have looked like a strong feminist character when she was willing to fake her death for her love Give me, give me! O tell not me of fear. Juliet does not want to be told of the fear about the vial, as then she may not drink it and she wants to for her love of Romeo. Shakespeare may have also written her not wanting to know of the fears Friar Lawrence has because then she may be viewed as a weaker character. Shakespeare has written love and hate to be living alongside to each other when Juliet wants to kill her self, which could be seen as hate, for the love of Romeo. The strong comparisons being interlinked shows how they both affect each other and would not exist without the other. Juliet had an intense hate for her family, the most important motivation for this was because of the feud with the Montagues, A dog of the house of Montague. The argument between the two families meant that the Romeo and Juliet have to get married in secret and then from then on have to love each other and meet in furtive. Come, come with me, and we will make short work, for by your leaves, you shall not stay alone. Romeo and Juliet have to get married in secret which may make them angry because they cannot be seen together in Verona and cannot confide in their families. An example of when the audience can see how angry Juliet is with her family is when she is willing to accept Friar Lawrences vial, rather than to marry Paris, the man that her father, Capulet, has proposed for her to marry. Juliet loved her nurse, from the beginning of the play, for many reasons. Firstly, the Nurse supported the love between Romeo and Juliet you hence to Friar Lawrence cell, There stays a husband to make you a wife. The Nurse gives Juliet the news that Romeo is going to marry her and gets her to go to the church, supporting her t get married. Although the Nurse and Juliet seem very close as the beginning of the play this all turns around, during the middle. When the Nurse is put in a tense situation she tells Juliet to marry Paris and forget about Romeo Marry, I will, and this is wisely done. Juliet may feel betrayed by the Nurse because she already knows about the marriage Juliet had with Romeo. Shakespeares audience would know of the dramatic irony that Juliet has to cope with. For this reason the audience of the 16th Century may feel apologetic for Juliet as the one person she has been confiding in now has turned against her. When we first meet Friar Lawrence he wishes to use the marriage between Romeo and Juliet to bring peace in Verona To turn your households rancour to pure love. For his actions Friar Lawrence maybe seen as a dishonest and cunning schemer where as others may perceive that he was trying to do the best for the two families and Veronas people by ending the arguing. On the other hand his good intentions caused the suicides of Romeo and Juliet. Therefore the play Romeo and Juliet would have appeared against the Ten Commandments, when Romeo and Juliet both kill themselves, for the love they have. As during the 16th Century religion was exceedingly significant to society, meaning that the Ten Commandments were taken very seriously. The 16th Century audience would perceive Romeo and Juliet to be therefore condemned to hell. The church was a place of religion, so in Romeo and Juliet the significance of the church is this is where the plans for marriage behind the Montagues and Capulets back happened and the plan for Juliet to fake her death all came about Thou consent to marry us today and thou take this vialappear like death. Shakespeare may have used the church for significance because he may have felt that it would make the audience react or he himself did not like church. The fact he may have not liked church could be seen because he is writing the church to be full of lies and deceit. However, Romeo and Juliet also get married in the church. The fact that lies and love both happen in the church demonstrates how love and hate, the lies, where living paradoxically side by side. The lies started of with love because Romeo and Juliet got married behind their families back for their love. Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet, Capulet shows different emotions towards his daughter, Juliet. To start with he was a caring and considerate parent when Paris wants to marry Juliet. My child is yet a stranger to the world. The relevance to Capulet describing his child as a stranger, suggesting that other than Juliets family she does not know very much about other people in the world and she does not know much about the world other than were she lives in Verona. Capulet also tells Paris he can only marry her if she wants to and that its her decision woo her gentle Paris, get her heart. Here Capulet is saying that he wants the best for his daughter and that he wants her to be happy. Using the phrase get her heart suggests that Capulet wants Paris to make Juliet fall deeply in love with Paris before he asks her to marry him or before Capulet would be willing to arrange a wedding for the young couple. These examples of Capulet showing his an affectionate father and that he wants th e best for his only child and is wiling to put her first if it would make Juliet happy. However, after being a caring father Capulet becomes aggressive due to the fact he believes Juliet has betrayed him as she would not marry Paris. Although the real truth is that she was already married to Romeo and so therefore did not want to be untrue to him. Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch. The use of disobedient shows how he thought she was betraying him because she would not marry Paris. In this quote it also shows how Capulet feels when he says young baggage it is like he has been carrying her, spending all his time for her and giving her his money for what she wants, for her only to let him down, this makes Capulet angry as he is suddenly let down. In the middle of Capulets rage he says to Juliet hang, beg, starve, die in the streets. The malicious things Capulet says to his daughter show just how angry he was by how he wanted her to not be part of him and he did not care for her anymore, even if she died on the streets. One of the reasons that Capulet may have be en getting so angry is because in the Verona men were seen as the dominant sex, therefore as he had given Paris his word that he could marry Juliet, Capulet would be seen as a weak man. Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed, Acquaint her here of my son Paris love, So, it may be seen that Capulet was a good father as he was doing his best for Juliet and being caring and he also wanted her to marry the right person. Because the audience watching the play during the 16th Century and up to the modern day know of the previous wedding between Romeo and Juliet the dramatic irony Shakespeare created makes some people see Capulet as a hateful character because he was making Juliet be disloyal and marry two people, which would have been against Gods Ten Commandments. Romeo and Juliet died whilst they were in love with each other but angry with their families and the society they lived in. I feel that Romeo and Juliets death was caused from a mixture of reasons. I feel that the major one was because of their families as they had to get married in secret and if they were able to just be married then it may have ended differently because Juliet would not have had to fake her death to be with Romeo. I also feel that Capulet is partly responsible because he was protective over Juliet and when she betrayed him he got angry with her. But I believe that if Capulet had let Juliet marry Romeo than the play may have turned out different. I feel there is not a more dominant theme in Romeo and Juliet as the two are equal and without one the other could not exist because they influence each other. An example of when they influence each other is when Romeo kills Tybalt because he killed Mercutio who was Romeos friend, the killing of the two male characters could be seen as hate because they had hate for the other character in order to kill them. Although there are sections of the play in which love may be stronger, for example when Romeo and Juliet get married. There are also moments that hate is the more dominant theme; one illustration of this is when Capulet is wiling to force Juliet to marry Paris, against her will. Yes, I feel the play is sill relevant because in some societys people cannot marry who they feel, or cannot speak what they want. Although in the play Romeo and Juliet women were seen as the weaker sex, Juliet proves that she is as strong as the male characters if not stronger. This can be reflected in modern day society because in some religions, for example Islam, arranged marriages are a regular occurrence with the father planning who his daughter will marry. Also in modern day societys women are seen as the weaker sex in some countries. So I feel overall the play is still relevant because people can relate to it about their own lives or if not their own then what is happening to the lives of people around the world.

Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design

Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design University of the Arts London: BA Graphic Design (the first place) Currently EU students, who want to receive an undergraduate degree, are supposed to pay  £9,000, provided that they start their studies since 2012. In order to be eligible for this program, an applicant should meet several entry requirements. In particular, he/she should have 1 GCE A Level, and a Foundational Diploma in Art and Design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are some alternative certificates, for instance, BTEC Extended Diploma. Learners, who are not native speakers of English, should complete IELTS 6.0 exams. In particular, they should score at least 5.5 in writing, reading, and listening1. This program lasts for four years. Apart from that, the learners will have to provide a portfolio in order to complete the third year of this program. These ar e the main standards that should be considered. Overall, this program can enable a person to gain an in-depth understanding of the techniques used in graphic design. Furthermore, students will have a chance to cooperate with organizations that represent the graphic design industry. In this way, they can better develop their professional skills and eventually reach the standards set by employers. Additionally, learners acquire knowledge of various social, cultural, or economic factors that shape the work of graphic designers. The graduates will be able to work in various fields such as branding, product design, interactive design, and so forth. These are these are the main issues that can be identified. The London College BA Graphic Design (the second place) In order to participate in this program, UK or EU students have to pay  £5,950, if he/she intends to start his/her studies in 2014. Romanian students should have an equivalent of 1 GCE A Level. These applicants should have Dipl oma de Bacalaureat. Secondly, students are obliged to meet certain English proficiency standards. For instance, their IELTS should not be lower than 5.0. Secondly, the applicants should present a portfolio of their works. Romanian students may email it to the admission committee. Learners will take part in this program for three years. In order to earn this degree, a person should gain knowledge and skills that are related to such areas as interactive design, typography, branding, packaging, and other fields. Moreover, students should understand economic, social, and cultural factors that shape the work of graphic designers. The main advantage of this program is that students will attend workshops organized by distinguished designers.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, they will be able to work in businesses that offer products or services related to graphic desi gn. In this way, they can better understand the roles that graphic designers should play. Overall, this undergraduate degree suggests that a person is able to cope with professional challenges. This is the main argument that can be put forward. University of West London, BA Graphic Design (the third place) Home students are required to pay  £ 8,000 per an academic year. However, the official site of this university does not provide information about tuition fees that should be paid by non-UK applicants such as Romanian students. Romanian applicants should have an equivalent of GCE examinations, namely Diploma de Bacalaureat in mathematics. Apart from that, they will have to fulfill their English language requirements. Their IELTs score should be at least 6.0. Yet, they can also take TOEFL test. These are some of the details that applicants should consider. The duration of this course is three years. On the whole, this program is aimed at achieved several objectives. First of all, students will develop their skills in such fields of graphic design as illustration, typography, and drawing. Secondly, they will work with different types of media. Much attention will be paid to information technologies since they are an essential tool for modern graphic design. The main goal is to prepare students for the career in organizations that represent visual communications industry such as publishing houses, graphic design studio, or advertising agencies2. Moreover, learners will have opportunities for product placement during their studies. So, they can better understand what exactly employers expect from them. These are the main issues that should be kept in mind. Middlesex University London BA Graphic Design (the fourth place) Full-time undergraduate students have to pay  £9,000 per an academic year, provided that they start their studies in 2014. This university accepts applicants who may have various diplomas. For instance, one can mention Level 3 Diploma in Art, International Baccalaureate, or Advanced Progression Diploma. Furthermore, the candidates are usually required to provide a portfolio of their work. One should bear in mind that this educational institution recognized academic certificates that a student could receive in foreign countries. People, whose native language is not English, should complete IELTS examinations. They should have a score of 5.5 in speaking, listening, reading, and writing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top Ten London Undergraduate Degrees in Graphic Design specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from that, these people can take TOEFL. This program is going to last for three years. During this time, students will be able to learn more about such issues as printmaking, digital illustration, photography, and so forth3. The learners will be able to gain a better understanding of the techniques adopted by modern designers. Educators will rely on various instruction methods, for example, lectures, seminars, or workshops with distinguished designers such as Jonathan Barnbrook, David Carson, or John Hegarty. At the end of their studies, learners should carry out a self-initiated project that will be showcased at the degree exhibition. People, who can complete this program, can work in various organizations such as magazine publishers, advertising agencies or other organizations in which graphic design skills are necessary. University of Greenwich, BA Graphic and Digital Design (the fifth place) A student should pay  £10,100 as tuition fees. Secondly, learners, who come from foreign countries, must provide an educational certificate which is an equivalent GCSEs. For example, one can speak about International Baccalaureate or Diploma de Bacalaureat. These are the documents that can be offered by Romanian students. Additionally, these people must demonstrate that they reached a high level of proficiency in the English language. Moreover, learners should demonstrate that they take interest in graphic design. This is why they should present a portfolio of their works. In this way, a person can distinguish oneself among other candidates. During their studies, students will be able to learn more about the techniques used in branding, animation, typography, or advertising. Furthermore, professional development of students will be promoted with the help of self-initiated projects and work placements. Learners will have a chance to cooperate with professionals who can better explain how a designer can overcome various challenges. Their recommendations can be of great value to students. Overall, this experience is important for the future career of students. This is the main argument that can be advanced.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goldsmiths, University of London BA Design (the sixth place) The students, who live in the United Kingdom or an EU country, have to pay  £9,000. The applicants have to provide various certificates such as ABB or International Baccalaureate. Furthermore, the candidates should participate in a post-16 course in art of design. For instance, one can mention a Foundation Course, or NVQ level. Moreover, the admission committee pays attention to the design portfolio of a candidate. They also accept certificates from other European country such as Romania. Additionally, Romanian students have to pass certain English proficiency examinations. For instance, their IELTS score should be at least 6.5, while the result of their TOEFL should be no less than 92. These are some of the standards that should be met. Learners can receive a degree after three years of full-time studies. In the course of this program, students will be able to acquire knowledge and skills related to various areas graphi c design such as typography, page layout, interface development and so forth. However, students will have an opportunity to gain a better idea about product or even fashion design. Overall, they will be able to structure their curriculum. Learners will take part in studio practices, technical studies, and professional activities4. Additionally, during the second year, students will be able to work in companies that represent the design industry. Thus, they will be able to cooperative with professional designers. These are the main aspects that can be identified. Regent’s University London BA Graphic Design (the seventh place) The tuition fees both the students from the United Kingdom and the European Union constitute  £14,750. Moreover, they will have to pay a registration fee of  £ 420. These costs will be incurred by people who will start their studies in 2014. Applicants should have twelve years of schooling. Romanian students may require international baccalaureate ce rtificate in order to be eligible for this program. Learners can take several English proficiency tests. In particular, they may take CCAE (Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English) test, but their score should not be lower than C. In turn, their IELTS score should be at least 6.0. These issues should be taken into account by applicants who want to apply to this educational institution. This program includes four years of full-time studies. These are the main academic standards that should be met. Overall, the main goal of this program is to develop students’ understanding of graphic design and show how its techniques can be used in visual communication5. Moreover, learners will acquire new skills in web design as well as motion graphics. Overall, this program can help students develop their creativity and elaborate their technical skills. These are some of the main aspects that can be singled out. Kingston University London BA Graphic Design (the eighth place) The learners, who will start their undergraduate studies at Kingston University, will need to pay  £ 8, 750 on an annual basis. Applicants are expected to have Art and Design Foundation Diploma or equivalents certificates from foreign countries. In particular, Romanian candidates should have a certificate of vocational training in art and design. Candidates should also upload an electronic version of their portfolio. It should be mentioned that in many cases, a well-developed portfolio can increase the chances of a candidate. Additionally, they should have Diploma de Bacalaureat which is an equivalent of GCSEs. Moreover, the applicants should provide their portfolios to the admission committee. Furthermore, the applicants’ IELTS score should be 5.5. These people can take other English proficiency tests. Students’ studies will last for three years. These are the main details that can be distinguished. This program is aimed at achieving several objectives. First of all, students sh ould be able to apply various techniques that are used by graphic designers. Apart from that, learners should be able to apply information technologies that can facilitate the process of design. In the course of their studies, students will have an opportunity to work in organizations specialize in graphic design. This experience can help students gain a better idea about the requirements of their future employees. The university will promote industrial placements of learners as well as field trips6. London Metropolitan University BA Graphic Design (the ninth place) The tuition fees for this program will be  £6,860 for an academic year. However, the costs of tuition can change in 2015. Romanian students will have to provide certificates showing that they have level 3 qualifications in art and design. Moreover, they need to provide Diploma de Bacalaureat. Furthermore, these people are encouraged to send an email version of their portfolio which will be closely evaluated by the admi ssion committee. These people should also have certain English language prerequisites; in particular, the IELTS score should be 5.5. This program is intended to last for three years. However, a student can choose an extended program that includes four years of study7. These are some of the main issues that can be singled out. By participating in this program, students can gain an in-depth understanding of design principles. Secondly, they will be able to work with different types of media such as printed documents, digital media or photography. In this way, they can develop relevant professional skills. Educators will attach importance independent initiatives of students. The graduates can be employed in various organizations such as graphic design agencies or companies that design commercials for other businesses. These are the main issues that should be taken into consideration. University of East London BA Graphic Design (the tenth place) This institution charges  £ 9000 from l earners who attend undergraduate courses. The applicants should complete such programs as GAD, Art and Design Foundation, or BTEC in order to be eligible. Furthermore, people relevant professional experience in design can also be considered. The candidates should have an IETS. In particular, their score should not be lower than 5.5. Yet, the applicants can also take PTE or TOEFL exams. This program is supposed to last for three years. This program can help a person to learn more about such areas of graphic design as typography, web design, photography, and so forth 8. So, a learner will work with various types of media. During these three years, the students will work on a wide range of assignments that will prompt them to display their creativity and critical thinking. Much attention will be paid to the self-initiated work of students who will be able to select the topic or projects that they will discuss. Moreover, educators will focus on the administrative skills of students beca use they may need to manage or coordinate the work of other people. Furthermore, they will attend lectures, workshops, exhibitions, and so forth. These are the main details that should be taken into account. Bibliography Goldsmiths, University of London, BA (Hons) Design, University of London, 2013, retrieved gold.ac.uk/ug/ba-design/. Kingston University London, Graphic Design BA(Hons): Links with business and industry, Kingston University London, 2013, retrieved kingston.ac.uk/undergraduate-course/graphic-design-2014/links-with-business-and-industry.html. Middlesex University London, BA Honours Graphic Design, MIL, 2013, retrieved mdx.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/art_design/graphic_design_ba.aspx. Regent’s University London, Visual Communication: Specialisation in Graphic Design BA (Hons), Regent’s University London, 2013, retrieved regents.ac.uk/study/undergraduate-study/programmes/ba-hons-visual-communication-graphic-design.aspx. London Metropolitan University, G raphic Design- BA Hons, London Metropolitan University, 2013, retrieved londonmet.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/2014/graphic-designba-hons/. University of East London, Programme Specification for BA (Hons) Graphic Design, UEL, 2013, retrieved uel.ac.uk/undergraduate/specs/graphicdesign/. University of the Arts London, BA Graphic Design, UAL, 2013, retrieved from arts.ac.uk/camberwell/courses/undergraduate/ba-graphic-design/. University of West London, BA (Hons) Graphic Design (Visual Communication and Illustration), University of West London, 2013, retrieved uwl.ac.uk/course/graphic-design-visual-communication-and-illustration-3/33745. Footnotes 1 University of the Arts London, BA Graphic Design, UAL, 2013, retrieved from arts.ac.uk/camberwell/courses/undergraduate/ba-graphic-design/. 2 University of West London, BA (Hons) Graphic Design (Visual Communication and Illustration), University of West London, 2013, retrieved uwl.ac.uk/course/graphic-design-visual-communication-and-il lustration-3/33745. 3 Middlesex University London, BA Honours Graphic Design, MIL, 2013, retrieved mdx.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/art_design/graphic_design_ba.aspx. 4 Goldsmiths, University of London, BA (Hons) Design, University of London, 2013, retrieved gold.ac.uk/ug/ba-design/. 5 Regent’s University London, Visual Communication: Specialisation in Graphic Design BA (Hons), Regent’s University London, 2013, retrieved regents.ac.uk/study/undergraduate-study/programmes/ba-hons-visual-communication-graphic-design.aspx. 6 Kingston University London, Graphic Design BA(Hons): Links with business and industry, Kingston University London, 2013, retrieved kingston.ac.uk/undergraduate-course/graphic-design-2014/links-with-business-and-industry.html. 7 London Metropolitan University, Graphic Design- BA Hons, London Metropolitan University, 2013, retrieved londonmet.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/2014/graphic-designba-hons/. 8 University of East London, Programme Specificatio n for BA (Hons) Graphic Design, UEL, 2013, retrieved uel.ac.uk/undergraduate/specs/graphicdesign/.

No Talent for Writing

No Talent for Writing No Talent for Writing No Talent for Writing By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: I have all these great stories in my head, but no talent what so ever when it involves writing it down. Is there any advice you could give me or am I stuck? Unless the questioner wants to become an oral storyteller and tell these great stories to a live audience, or record them as audiobooks, the answer has to be, â€Å"Yes, you’re stuck.† However, I suspect that the person asking the question has made some attempt to put stories into writing, but is unhappy with the result. Welcome to the tribe of fiction writers. We all have great stories in our heads. Getting them out of our heads and onto paper is the hard part. Talent is nice to have, but plenty of writers earn a living with a minimal amount of it. Persistence is far more important to a writer than talent. A large proportion of the world’s population is made up of extremely talented writers who have been working on the same book, or thinking about working on a book, for years. The word talent can mean simply â€Å"an inclination or a disposition† for something. Or it can mean â€Å"an innate aptitude.† Anyone who has the inclination to write can do it. Writing is a craft. Like any craft, it can be learned, and it must be practiced. Not everyone has the aptitude to produce a novel like Pillars of the Earth, War and Peace, or The Time Traveler’s Wife, but anyone who shows up at the computer every day will produce something. It’s in the rewriting that you’ll discover the extent of your talent. The best advice I can offer to the questioner is, â€Å"Start writing.† Pretend that one of the story ideas in your head is a movie that you’d like to tell a friend about. Pretend you’re writing a letter to that friend and then, start writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire You13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

The Invasion of Normandy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Invasion of Normandy - Research Paper Example This essay examines the Allied Forces invasion of Normandy. Within this spectrum of investigation specific consideration are given to events and statistics that are central to a comprehensive understanding of the events of D-Day. The essay reveals that the operation was nearly as large in logistical scope as it was in seminal importance to the Allied mission. Notably, rehearsals, planning, and covert operations led up to this extraordinary event that would become the largest invasion in military history. The planning for the operation had begun as early as April the year prior as the British General Montgomery outlined operations for an invasion of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Neillands). The invasion itself would become meticulously planned and rehearsed in the months leading up to the attack. One considers that in addition to the significant rehearsal that occurred the Allied Forces made a number of offensive operations as a means of deceiving the Axis Forces that other parts of Western Europe, specifically Northern France, would possibly be attacked. These attacks went under the name Operation Bodyguard and they were ultimately successful in diverting the German forces from the Normandy area, allowing the Allies a strategic advantage during the attack (Hakim). In addition to the rehearsals and deception that occurred before the invasion, the Allied Forces also developed specific new technology for attack. Most notable among the new technology was the ‘mulberry’. This was a mobile, pre-fabricated concrete harbor.

The main competitors of unearthed in the e-commerce sector Research Paper

The main competitors of unearthed in the e-commerce sector - Research Paper Example TCFG usually imports foods from Spain, France, Italy, Hungary and others etc., which are then sold only across UK in the name of Unearthed ® food brand. Nonetheless, the group is determined to launch their food brand in foreign markets through export to Dubai and European nations. It is worthwhile to mention that every business organisation has competitors, either small or large, if it is operational in a monopolistic / oligopolistic industry where competition exists. Since Unearthed is not a natural monopoly across UK; therefore, it also faces competition from UK continental food distributors, private label firms, importers and specialty food manufacturers that have both physical (having retail stores) and online (e-commerce) presence. TCFG, however, argues that does not face cutthroat competition from other domestic food manufacturers, importers and suppliers because of its highly diversified product range (a result of product development, food discovery of owners, innovation and branding). But, it should also be noted that Unearthed also does not enjoy 90% share, which is the evidence that competition exists in the UK retail food industry.

Hopi Indians Essay Example for Free

Hopi Indians Essay The name Moqui, or Moki, by which they have been popularly known, means dead in their own language, but as a tribal name it is seemingly of alien origin and of undetermined signification Bandelier and Cushing believed the Hopi country, the later province of Tusayan, to be identical with the Totonteac of Fray Marcos de Niza. The Hopi first became known to white men in the summer of 1540 Located in Arizona Buildings like steps Natacka Festival: This festival is somewhat like Halloween, only the trick and treaters are adult men. During the 9-day Hopi purification ceremony, giant Natackas (men in costume) go from house to house, begging. The Natackas hoot and whistle if they are turned down. Jewelry: The southwestern tribes used turquoise to make jewelry, and still do. They believed turquoise was the stone of happiness, health, and good fortune. Before kids could become adults and marry, they had to pass a test of courage. Girls would go off with the women, and boys with the men. The actual coming of age ceremony for each individual was secret. But all ceremonies were tests of courage. Infants: A blanket and a perfect ear of corn were given to an infant child. Parents couldn’t name the babies, the village leaders had to. Naming a baby was very important to the Hopi. Everyone in the village made suggestions. The parents would not be the ones to finally name the baby. That honor was reserved for the tribal or village leaders, not the parents. But everyone in the family could come with blessings and give suggestions of names for the baby. Have their own reservation called Hopi Reservation The Hopi Way is one of peace and is holistic; their name Hopituh Shi-nu-mu, can be interpreted as The Peaceful Little People. All of daily life is part of their religion, and their belief is to help others improve their life. Twelve clan groups, called phratries, have many clans within them, each with its own ceremonies and sacred fetishes. Though men are the religious leaders, the children inherit the clan of their mother. Though the men own the livestock and the fruit trees, the women own all the land, even that under the fruit trees. As many as 24 varieties of corn are grown and due to arid conditions the roots may grow 20 feet down. Each plant has many ears of corn. To supplement the staple of corn the Hopi gather more than 100 wild plants. Kivas are the center of religious life and are mostly used by the men. Stone walls line the underground chambers and a hole sipapu in the floor of the kiva symbolizes the exit from the ant peoples domain. Religion is life for the Hopi and binds the village into a solid community. Most ceremonies relate to rain. Katsinas or kachinas, of which there are about 350, are the guarding spirits that come down from their world at winter solstice, remaining in the people until summer solstice. Saquasohuh is believed by some to represent the Hale-Bopp comet. The Wuwuchim ceremony includes a song that tells of this, and this song was sang in 1914, preceeding WWI, in 1940, pre WWII, and again in 1961. The Hopi say that the emergence into the Fifth World of the future has begun. The sacred clowns of the Hopi have a unique function in their society and the religious right to enact by negative example what should not be done. Humiliation and ridicule are their methods, and no one is immune to their rudeness. Stripping another naked is not going too far. Misbehavior of people in the community is dramatized, and the culprit takes the hint. The clowns are the ultimate tradition keepers. If work needs to be done the clowns recruit the workers. They cannot be denied. White ways, such as money, missionaries, and teachers sent to the Hopi have been the subject of the clowns derision. The Hopi are skilled in weaving, dyeing, and embroidering blankets, belts, and kilts. Their textile work is durable, and shows a great variety of weaves. The dark-blue blanket of the Hopi woman is an important article of commerce among the Pueblos, and their embroidered ceremonial blankets, sashes, and kilts made of cotton have a ready sale among neighboring tribes. Although the Hopi ceramic art has somewhat deteriorated in modern times, fair pottery is still made among the people of Hano, where one family has revived the superior art of the earlier villagers. They weave basketry in a great variety of ways at the Middle Mesa pueblos and in Oraibi; but, with the exception of the familiar sacred-meal plaques, which are well made and brightly colored, the workmanship is crude. The Hopi are clever in making masks and other religious paraphernalia from hides, and excel in carving and painting dolls, representing kachinas, which are adorned with bright feathers and cloth. They likewise manufacture mechanical toys, which are exhibited in some of their dramatic entertainments. Nowhere among the aborigines of North America are the Hopi excelled in dramaturgic exhibitions, in some of which their imitations of birds and other animals are marvelously realistic. Most ceremonies relate to rain. Katsinas or kachinas, of which there are about 350, are the guarding spirits that come down from their world at winter solstice, remaining in the people until summer solstice. White ways, such as money, missionaries, and teachers sent to the Hopi have been the subject of the clowns derision. The clowns are the ultimate tradition keepers. If work needs to be done the clowns recruit the workers. They cannot be denied. The sacred clowns of the Hopi have a unique function in their society and the religious right to enact by negative example what should not be done. Humiliation and ridicule are their methods, and no one is immune to their rudeness. Stripping another naked is not going too far. Misbehavior of people in the community is dramatized, and the culprit takes the hint.

Free College Admissions Essays: Friday :: College Admissions Essays

Friday    It arrived on a Friday afternoon. The idea probably originated somewhere over the Atlantic, off the coast of Africa. It slowly spun its way to the northwest, and the thought finally made landfall in Florida. From there it gained speed and zipped across the eastern seaboard, through South Carolina, over D.C. and up the New Jersey Turnpike. There the idea slowed again, and had been downgraded to a concept by the time it crossed the Hudson. Once across the water it regained speed at the expense of power, and it flew like a sparrow, darting through cars and trucks and people, until it finally found me, stuck in traffic, and flew through my ear into my head. And I knew exactly what I wanted to do with my life. It was as close to perfection as I could imagine. History had always been my academic passion. I've sucked each and every history textbook dry of information and it's not slaked my thirst. I've sat down and read countless encyclopedia articles, books and websites, and I've watched m ore hours of the History Channel than anyone I've ever met. I've come to admire the great men and movements in our history that have gotten our country to where it is today. I've also thought about the men and movements that will carry it into the future, and I know that I want to have a hand in guiding the progress of our nation and world. My passion for history has only been matched by my love of mental competition. I live for arguments, debates and discussions, and when history, its interpretation and the ensuing disagreement meet, I find my heaven on earth. I slam down on the clutch, shift into sixth gear and my mind races. I search my brain for examples and draw upon the knowledge that I've amassed in my learning. The points and counterpoints come out hard and fast. I make my statement and discredit that of my opponent, I respond, I parry, I dodge. I feel content, happy and fulfilled. It was the synthesis of these two ideas that found its way to me on that Friday afternoon, a p rofession that would combine my two passions: Campaign Management. My love for mental combat would be used to its fullest in matching wits with the opposing campaign staff, and my passion for history would be more than sated by my involvement in what I consider to be its most interesting aspect: its creation. Free College Admissions Essays: Friday :: College Admissions Essays Friday    It arrived on a Friday afternoon. The idea probably originated somewhere over the Atlantic, off the coast of Africa. It slowly spun its way to the northwest, and the thought finally made landfall in Florida. From there it gained speed and zipped across the eastern seaboard, through South Carolina, over D.C. and up the New Jersey Turnpike. There the idea slowed again, and had been downgraded to a concept by the time it crossed the Hudson. Once across the water it regained speed at the expense of power, and it flew like a sparrow, darting through cars and trucks and people, until it finally found me, stuck in traffic, and flew through my ear into my head. And I knew exactly what I wanted to do with my life. It was as close to perfection as I could imagine. History had always been my academic passion. I've sucked each and every history textbook dry of information and it's not slaked my thirst. I've sat down and read countless encyclopedia articles, books and websites, and I've watched m ore hours of the History Channel than anyone I've ever met. I've come to admire the great men and movements in our history that have gotten our country to where it is today. I've also thought about the men and movements that will carry it into the future, and I know that I want to have a hand in guiding the progress of our nation and world. My passion for history has only been matched by my love of mental competition. I live for arguments, debates and discussions, and when history, its interpretation and the ensuing disagreement meet, I find my heaven on earth. I slam down on the clutch, shift into sixth gear and my mind races. I search my brain for examples and draw upon the knowledge that I've amassed in my learning. The points and counterpoints come out hard and fast. I make my statement and discredit that of my opponent, I respond, I parry, I dodge. I feel content, happy and fulfilled. It was the synthesis of these two ideas that found its way to me on that Friday afternoon, a p rofession that would combine my two passions: Campaign Management. My love for mental combat would be used to its fullest in matching wits with the opposing campaign staff, and my passion for history would be more than sated by my involvement in what I consider to be its most interesting aspect: its creation.

Comparison of Topload vs Frontload Washing Machines

Front Load: * Because of the faster spin speeds, it will extract more water from the clothes allowing them to go into the dryer with less water. You will dry clothes faster while using less energy * The clothes tumble much like in a dryer, and because of this, the washing machine does not use as much water. You will use up to 40% less water than a comparable top load machine. Over time this will offset the initial difference in price between front load and top load machines * Better Cleaning. Because of the tumble action, water will pass through the clothes considerably more often than top load machines.Clothes will come out cleaner, and will last longer as there is less wear and tear on them * Can be stacked with a dryer on top to conserve space TOP LOADERS * There are a wider variety of models and colors * Costs less initially, but is less energy efficient * Easy to access the washtub * Uses regular detergent Features Capacity: Most manufacturers will define the size of the washtub differently. Common terms are â€Å"extra large† or â€Å"super capacity. † When comparing capacity it is best to use the cubic foot measurement to determine the actual size.Tub material: The three most commonly used tub materials used are porcelain-coated, plastic, and stainless steel. Porcelain can deteriorate if it chips. Many of the higher-end models will use a plastic tub, which generally lasts the life of the machine. The very best models will use a stainless steel tub. Water levels: Washing machines have water level settings. Many of the higher end models will offer many more levels to control the amount of water in a machine. A washer using the ideal level of water will be more efficient. Manufacturers recommend using only enough water to cover the clothes.Cycles: There are many cycles available on a washing machine. Choose a machine that will offer all the cycles you will need. Choose from cycles such as permanent press, sanitize, delicate, and extra rinses. Make sure to get a unit with all the cycles your clothes will need. Different wash/spin speed combinations allow you to wash more types of clothing in ways that are safest for the fabric. Water temperature: Your garments will look better and last longer by using proper water temperature. Detergents, bleaches, and fabric softeners require specific water temperatures to work their best.Many of your choices of washers will include several wash and rinse temperature options. A washing machine with automatic temperature regulators will make sure that the water entering the machine will be the proper temperature. For example, on a frigid day in Chicago, the water entering a standard washer set to â€Å"warm† may not get the temperature desired. Temperature regulators will add more hot water as needed to make sure the desired temperature is met. To kill even the toughest germs, a machine will be required to run at an even higher temperature. Look for a washer that offers a temperatu re boost or sanitize cycle.Noise level: Is your washer going to be in your basement or in the garage? If so, you may not be concerned with noise level. If your washer is near a living area you may want a unit that has more insulation and reinforced frames to reduce operation noise. Safety: While it's possible to stop a front-loading machine and add that missing sock, it does have an automatic lock feature on the unit that will prevent the door from opening while the drum is spinning. Controls: Digital controls and displays will allow you to program different cycle settings. Just program your favorite settings and access them with the push of one button.For an easier wash process, choose a machine with a dial or push buttons. Bleach and fabric softener dispensers: The chemicals (detergent, bleach, fabric softener) you use are a key part of garment care. Dispensers will automatically disperse them at the correct time. Energy Star rating: The Energy Star label – conferred by the U. S. Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency – indicates that a washing machine uses 35 percent to 50 percent less water and 50 percent less energy than a non-labeled machine. That makes the machine better for the environment and saves you money†¦There are many differences between a front loading and top loading washing machine. Most people still have the traditional top loading machine. They are less expensive than front loading machines, though in the end, top loaders may cost you more money in energy and water costs. There are trade offs with each type of washing machine, and plenty of things to consider if you’re planning on purchasing a new machine. A top loading washing machine is most familiar to people, though they may have seen front loading machines in laundromats or increasingly in appliance stores.These machines use an agitator which spins the soapy clothes to help get out dirt. The washer drains, adds more water to rinse and the n spins the clothes to wring out excess water. Clothes are placed into the spinning basket via the top of the machine, and you can open the machine at any time to add something else. A front loading washing machine uses less energy and does not have an agitator. A front loading machine is a gentler method, because it uses gravity to spin the clothes, which helps save energy and may extend life of clothing.These machines use less water and detergent, which may be a great savings on water costs, and they can usually be filled with more clothes. You cannot open these machines while they are running, so your days of adding a forgotten sock to a batch being washed are over if you choose a front loading washing machine. Front loaders vary in size but many can take up less space than top loaders. It’s often possible to stack a dryer on top of a front loading machine, but you will usually only find this feature in top loaders that are very small and won’t accommodate large bat ches.A front loader may be a better choice if you need to save on space but still want a fairly good sized washing machine There is nevertheless some advantage to the top loading washing machine if you have back, knee or neck problems. It can be awkward to bend down to load and unload clothes, but usually no more so than using front loading dryers. If you have to do lots of laundry, you may prefer a front loader to avoid frequent bending to get clothes in and out of a machine. You do give up greater efficiency, savings in energy and water costs, use of less water, and potentially longer life of clothing when you use a top loading washing machine.However you also may benefit in the short run because they are significantly less expensive. For people who can afford the front loader and who don’t have issues with the way clothes are loaded, this may be your best bet. In some states and countries you may even qualify for an energy rebate if you purchase a front loading machine. Th e main difference between a top loading and front loading washing machine is how the clothes are placed inside. A top loading washing machine has a hinged lid on top, allowing the clothes to be placed inside a horizontally-oriented watertight tub.In the center of this tub is a device called an agitator. The agitator's job is to swirl the clothes through the soapy water. A front loading washing machine has no central agitator, but uses gravity and side-mounted paddles to agitate clothes. Once the front door is closed, it remains locked mechanically until the washing cycle is complete. One advantage of a front loading washing machine is an increased capacity. Since there is no central agitator, the horizontally-oriented drum can hold at least 20 to 30% more clothing per load.For a large family, this could mean running only three loads in a front loading washing machine compared to five in a top loader. Fewer loads often translates to savings in utility bills and water usage. A front l oading washing machine is also gentler on clothes and generally quieter to operate. Instead of a centralized agitator literally grabbing clothes and thrashing them, the blades of a front loading washing machine gently pick up the clothes and allow them to drop into the soapy water. The soil is still removed by an agitating action, but gravity does most of the work.Gentler agitation can extend the lifespan of clothes significantly. As top loading washing machines age, they tend to become noisier and more likely to become unbalanced. A front loading washing machine rarely becomes unbalanced from the weight of heavy items. Another advantage of a front loading washing machine is less water and detergent usage. A top loading washer must use enough water to cover the highest level of the clothes. A front loading washing machine, on the other hand, only uses enough water to cover approximately the lower third of the tub at most. The clothes are drawn through the water, not the water throug h the clothes.Detergents designed for front loading washing machines use a lower sudsing formula, and are meant to release different cleansing agents at different water temperatures. In fact, a front loading washing machine often contains its own heating element to keep the water at an ideal temperature for washing. Many consumers also find that a front loading washing machine removes more water during the final spin cycle. This often translates into shorter drying times, which equals savings on electricity. In addition, a front loading washing machine can work in conjunction with a stackable dryer to save space in the laundry room.A standard top loading washing machine cannot be stacked with a standard electric dryer. Manufacturers' attempts at a stacked top loading combination often limit the washer lid's range of motion. No such design problem exists with a front loading washing machine. Front Loader (Main Advantages) 1. Wash quality   –   you can get a better wash qua lity than any top loaders (however, not as good as  God-made washing machines   – our hands). 2. Water/Detergent consumption   –   you can do a cycle of washing with comparatively less water and detergent compared to top loaders.Though you have invested a lot of money on a front loader, you can afford to save some on water and detergents. 3. Longevity   –   front loaders are expected to last longer than top loaders (up to 15 to 20 years of use). Ideal for consumers who believe â€Å"old is gold† and are not interested in exchange offers and/or keeping themselves updated with latest technology. Front Loader (Main Disadvantages) 1. Price –   front loaders are far expensive than top loaders. The lower-end version/model in a front loader is much more expensive than the higher-end version/model in a top loader. 2.Complex mechanism –   front loaders run without a problem as long as they run, but once they land in some problem, it i s forever. Never you can expect the same performance after repair that you found when you bought it. Also, bending down to load a front loader washing machine is considered inconvenient. 3. Repair cost/service   –   the cost involved in repairing front loaders or getting on-time repair service is a real  challenge. You might have to wait as long as 20 days to 3 months to get a fault repaired and then shed a good amount of money for that repair. Top Loader (Main Advantages) 1.User friendly   –   top loaders boast the comfort and convenience of any common user (non-technical housewives)   who can operate the machine without any complications . Another most noted advantage across the world, especially in America and Australia, is the convenience to stand and load the machine without having to bend down as in front loaders. 2. Power consumption   –   power consumed by a top loader is comparatively less than a front loader, basically because of the ti me consumed in washing. A cycle of wash lasts for 30 to 45 minutes in a top loader while the same cycle of wash in a front loader can run up to 1 to 2 hours. . Maintenance   –   top loaders have quite simple mechanism compared to front loaders and involve more electronics than mechanical. So, any repair here might not be as expensive as repairs in front loaders and the service is also quick and affordable. Top Loader (Main Disadvantages) 1. Wash quality   –   sources claim that top loaders’ wash quality is not as good as in front loaders. Since the drum in top loaders is vertical, chances are that clothes at the bottom of the drum and at the top of the drum fail to interchange positions to attain the same wash quality. SOME BRANDS HAVE TACKLED THIS PROBLEM NOW – see below). 2. Water/Detergent consumption   –   top loaders consume more water and detergent compared to front loaders during a wash cycle. This is mainly because the volume of water required in a top loader to wash a certain load is much more compared to a front loader to wash the same load, thereby utilizing more detergent also. 3. Noise/Vibration   –   some top loaders might create vibration and some low-level noise during operation. This is mainly because the body of a top loader is lighter than a front loader and occupies lesser ground space than a front loader.Now, having differntiated between front loaders and top loaders, I hope the above information has helped us to decide between a front loader and a top loader. For all those who have decided to go ahead with a front loader, there is no choice in brand. In India, the obvious front loader market leader is IFB. If at all you have decided to buy a front loader, you can wisely go ahead with an IFB. However, please note that it is advisable to go for higher-end  versions/models than lower-end versions/models since you might not get most of the features in lower-end versions despite payin g such a huge amount. pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Top Loading and a front Loading: 1. Water Consumption: Water is comsumed is   very less amount in front loading than the top loading. The top loading takes almost 2 to 3 medium size bucket of watter for each cycle. ie Wash + no. of rinse cycle. The front loader wold use less than half the amount of water used by the top loader with the same wash results. 2. Fabrics last long: Front loaders are gentle to the fabrics than the top loaders. From my personal experiance the fabrics do not loae there texture that early as compared to top loaders.The evidance to support it would be  one do not require to clean the lint filer that often, hence the fabric do not loose their fiber. 3. Quiter Operation: The front loaders are quiter operation than the top loders, hence the noise pollution is less in the house. 4 energy comsumption. Front loaders are more enegery effecient than the top loaders. 5:  Front loaders are long lasting a nd  virtually maintainance free. Average life of front loader is longer than the top loader (So i have read) Dificultises with fronty loaders: 1. With front loaders are you need to bend down to load the cloths.So for those who  have back  problem, using front loaders would be a pain. 2. Front loaders require uninterrupted flow of water to operate. 3. Front loaders are heavy units, and they require to be on a perfectly level base,   They should not be moved arround, hence they do not come with base wheels. So guys, choose the front loader, if you want your fabrics to be damaged less, water to be consumed less, but provided you can over come the above difficultues. Feature difference: Wash care programs in Front loading machines are more. i. e. ne has a greater choice for washing cotton clothes  or synthetic ones in Front loading machines. Heater option for hygenic hotwash is there in Front loading machines though there are some top loading machines which have inbuilt heater . Front loader have high rinsing efficiency thus clothes come out detergent free. Front loader have higher drying efficiency   and some machines equiped with 100% dryer can dry clothes 100%. (But they  are costlier and electricity and time consumption for the process is more. ) Other difference: Top loaders are economical than Front loaders but for good features one has to spend a little more.Also, remember cost determines features and PRODUCT QUALITY. Both the machines are user friendly. And if a person takes a little care none of the machines have to be stopped and opened in the middle of the process. even if one wants to do it he can do it easily cos there is drain option given in front loader, after draining stop the machine totally and after about 1. 5 mins one can open its door. Front loader weighs more than top loaders. Both can be moved around by placing them on trolly which is not recommended 🙂 . Water and detergent consumption in Front loading is less.The trad itional top-loading washer does its job well, compared with the washing drums and rollers previous generations used. The washer's tub sits vertically in the machine and has an agitator in the middle that churns the water and clothes together, forcing water through the items. It drains, refills with clean water, agitates again, drains, rinses and spins. The front-loading machine follows the same basic method, but has many advantages over the standard top-loaders. The front-loading machine's greatest advantage may well be its energy efficiency, no small advantage considering an increasingly environmentally aware marketplace.Nearly every model bears the US Department of Energy's â€Å"Energy Star† label, setting it apart as an appliance that meets or exceeds the stringent efficiency standards set out jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy. Here are some of the other differences between top- and front-loading washers: Efficiency: While a top-l oading machine requires enough water to cover all the clothes in its drum, a front-loading washer needs only a third of that amount because its drum is set horizontally in the machine.As the drum turns, it uses gravity to drop the clothes back into the water. And while a top-loading machine will empty the soapy water and refill for a rinse agitation cycle, a front-loading machine just sprays clean water on the load as the drum continues to turn, saving gallons. Since there's no agitator in a front-loading machine, there's a lot more room for dirty clothes – and larger loads means fewer loads. Finally, the front-loading machine's spin mechanism can reach up to 1,000 rpm, as opposed to the standard top-loader's average 650 rpm.That means less water left in the laundry, which in turn gives you a shorter drying time, saving energy there, too. Space: Most front-loading washers can be stacked with a companion dryer, an impossible feat for standard top-loaders, except for a mere few models. If floor space is important to you, a front-loading washer is the better choice. Clothing life: There's no question that agitators are tough on your clothes. Because only gravity is at work in a front-loading machine, you'll save a lot of wear and tear on your laundry, extending the life of your clothes and linens.Cost: In this department, the front-loading washer is at a significant disadvantage. Typically, they cost a minimum of several hundred dollars more than their top-loading counterparts. This initial outlay will be recouped, of course, in energy costs over the long run, but if you can only budget $500 or less for a washer, you'll have to go with the traditional top-loading model. Ergonomics: If bending or kneeling is difficult for you, stay with a top-loading machine. You'll need to kneel or bend to load the clothes as well as remove the wet load from a front-loading washer.When the machines are stacked, the washer goes on the bottom, so there's no relief there, eit her. Last-minute lid-flipping: We've all run back to the washing machine to toss in a just-found pair of socks or T-shirt after the machine has started. But with a front-loading machine, there's no turning back once you push the start button. The door locks until the cycle has ended. There are however, a few models that allow a few seconds to add a garment, but once that light or time has elapsed, your clothing has to wait for the next load. Detergents:Although you can use any kind of laundry detergent in a top-loader, your detergent selection may be a bit limited with a front-loading machine, depending on the manufacturer. Most manufacturers of front-loading washers recommend using an HE low-sudsing detergent; these are becoming more widely available all the time. In the conservation department, the front-loading machine is a clear winner, saving water, energy and, of course, money over the life of the machine. The major detractor for most consumers is the larger initial cash outla y; front-loaders often cost $800 or more compared with around $350 for a good top-loader.

Market research 4Ps Essay

In today’s multi-faceted business environment, it is generally agreed that a strong customer-driven marketing strategy can give one an edge over his competition. Designing it, however, did not prove to be so straightforward. It is therefore this reflection paper’s aim to ponder over the various aspects that I have found intriguing and glean insights from them. Firstly is the â€Å"Marketing Mix† aspect, specifically the 4 P’s framework – Product, Pricing, Placing & Promotion. The 4 P’s is one of the best known frameworks for a marketing plan, of which the aim is ultimately to fulfil a basic marketing purpose – Putting the right product in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time. Getting all aspects of this framework is of paramount importance. Miscalculating one could result in disastrous consequences, for example you could be promoting a revolutionary diet plan in a country hit by famine or publishing a textbook after school term has started. In the process of brainstorming for a product, some innovative ideas were eliminated due to the fact that they were deemed unsuitable for the Singapore market. One such example is the ostrich pillow1, a nifty headgear for people to catch a comfy nap anytime, anywhere. Due to its odd shape and Singapore’s conservative culture, we decided that the market might not open up to the idea. The Product itself was good, but the Promotional strategy would encounter difficulties. One of the other teams did their project on space-saving furniture. The end result was that one convertible table/couch would cost upwards of $2000. This is a potential mismatch between Product and Pricing strategies, as the average consumer who could afford such prices would unlikely be living in a house that requires space-saving technology. The Pricing aspect by itself also proved to be extremely interesting, as everyone’s project seemed to unanimously adopt a value-based pricing strategy. So then, what of cost-based pricing? Is it not an effective strategy? With this in mind, I began my research to find out more about it. The classic example cited in this debate is that of Steve Jobs vs Sam Walton, two of the greatest business leaders in history. An interview conducted by Fortune Magazine2 best highlighted the difference between these two extraordinary men and their methods. It is noted that Steve Jobs epitomized value-based pricing by focusing mainly on the product  instead of margins. He said, â€Å"If you keep your eye on the profit, you’re going to skimp on the product. But if you focus on making really great products, then the profits will follow.† Sam Walton, on the other hand, built Walmart around the concept of low margins and high volume, i.e. cost-based pricing. If the margins got above anything that was infinitesimal, he would get angry. Both have built extremely successful companies using entirely different pricing strategies. So why does a value-based pricing strategy seem so much more popular than a cost-based one? Perhaps it all boils down to prestige. Being the boss of a premium brand certainly holds more distinction than say, opening a dollar store. Or perhaps the road to building a company large enough for cost-based pricing to be effective is an arduous task that faces more obstacles in the form of existing industry giants. In any case, it is worth noting that cost-based pricing is in no way obsolete, but simply overshadowed by the recent successes of premium brands3. Another strategy that the class unanimously adopted is Promotional strategy, specifically in social media terms. Facebook appeared to be the prime choice of social media strategy for everyone, and rightly so. A survey conducted in 2011 showed that Singaporeans are the global leaders for the longest time spent on Facebook, clocking 38mins 46secs per session, putting us ahead of countries like US, UK, and Australia . Add that in to the capital limitations of start-up companies, Facebook becomes the logical choice for our promotional channels. A case study on Scoot’s4 wildly popular Facebook marketing campaign gave us further affirmation that this was the right way to go . As for the Placing aspect, the dilemma existed whereby in order to position ourselves as a high street fashion brand, a retail store had to be open at a prime location such as Ion. The rental for such locations, however, would strain our budget even further. To put it in perspective, the rental costs for an Ion level 1 space is $29 per square feet whereas the rental costs for Ang Mo Kio Hub is a mere $19 per square feet. That adds up to almost $40k difference per year for a store of 330 square feet, which is an extremely large sum for a start-up company. We eventually decided that it was worth the risk, but had to make careful budget adjustments to manage our finances. Next issue of interest is the importance of an action plan. Why is an action plan so important? Without an action plan, all we have is a broad strategic plan. Think of it  like making a resolution for a new year – you may state that you plan on losing weight, however you do not add in specific details as to how you are going to do it . A concrete action plan ensures that one stays focused and has a clear idea of what to do and when to do it by. The group that did the project â€Å"Fitting Reality† had an impressive action plan which was both detailed and tailored to account for contingencies. That way, should anything go wrong, there would still be plans to fall back onto instead of the whole project being thrown into disarray. Another particularly noteworthy issue is that seemingly all groups focused on customer acquisition, but few bothered to put effort into customer retention. This is puzzling for one main reason – It is a widely held belief that acquiring a new customer costs on average 5 times more than retaining an existing one. It is therefore wise to invest equally in customer retention alongside customer acquisition, or else it would be tantamount to taking one step forward and two steps back. Some recommended strategies of customer retention include loyalty discounts and membership privileges, as well as constant updates and active engagement with the customers . An area that I found intriguing was the fact that no other groups seemed to conduct a market survey in their marketing plans. To me, a market survey is extremely useful as it helps gauge the future demand of the product. A poor response would allow to us to pull the plug on the project before anything concrete is launched, thereby cutting our potential losses massively. Furthermore, based on the results of our market survey, we were able to effectively segment our consumers as it showed distinctly which group of customers were most interested in our product. Of course, a counter argument could be made that a well-crafted marketing strategy would amp up the hype over the product and turn initial consumer skepticism into enthusiasm. Both arguments are certainly valid, but it seems that market surveys are still very much recommended as an important requirement for initiating any successful business . One of the difficulties encountered by our group in the process of designing our marketing plan is the aspect of controls. We all know the importance of controls. It monitors the progress of our plan and makes adjustments when it deviates off course. So how then do we determine the key performance indicators (KPI) and at what level do we set it? Should we operate on the economist’s definition of bottom-line or the accountant’s  definition? These were all daunting questions that had to be answered. Ultimately, we chose to follow sales projections quoted in our financial plan as the main control. In hindsight, we could have adopted a market share analysis instead as sales figures may not give a wholly accurate representation. For example, if the footwear market faces a sharp downturn, we could be facing lower than expected sales figures but still capturing a large market share vis-à  -vis our competitors. A qualitative control method in the form of customer attitude tracking can also reveal to us what customers feel about our organisation, products and services, thus allowing us to make pre-emptive changes and preserve the brand reputation . The final topic of interest again lies with the marketing mix, but this time with respect to B2B commerce. Two of the groups came up with products that were targeted solely at businesses and within their marketing plan included the conventional 4 P’s. The 4 P’s has been a great framework that has served marketers well for over half a century. But the nature and evolution of B2B commerce as compared to B2C means that it might be time to rethink and reassess the framework for today’s B2B reality. According to a comprehensive study done by Harvard Business Review , the conventional 4 P’s model has been found to undercut B2B marketers in 3 major ways: 1 – It leads the marketing team to stress product technology and quality even though these are no longer differentiators but simply the cost of entry. 2 – It underemphasizes the need to build a robust case for their products’ superior value. 3 – It distracts companies from leveraging on their competitive advantages as a trusted source of expertise. Of course, it is also worth noting that this in no way renders the 4 P’s obsolete. Rather, they just require some tweaking to better suit the B2B industry, such as Motorola’s SAVE framework: moving the emphasis from Product to Solution, Placing to Access, Pricing to Value, and Promotion to Education . As the study so aptly cites, â€Å"B2B marketers who continue to embrace the 4 P’s mind-set risk getting locked into a repetitive and increasingly unproductive technological arms race.† And indeed, as trends change and industry evolves, so too must marketers and our strategies. Bibliography AsiaOne. (2011, September 27). AsiaOne News. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Science and Tech: http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Science%2Band%2BTech/Story/A1Story20110927-301776.html Ettenson, R., Conrado, E., & Knowles, J. (2013, January). Rethinking the 4 P’s. Retrieved April 18, 2013, from Harvard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2013/01/rethinking-the-4-ps/ar/1 FAO, UN. (2012, Feburary 5). FAO Corporate Document Repository. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Marketing Strategy, Planning and Control: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w3240e/W3240E03.htm Gandhi, R. (2012, July 2). Pitney Bowes. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Keeping Your Customers with Email Marketing: http://www.pbsmartessentials.com/customer-satisfaction/keeping-your-customers-with-email-marketing/ Mind Tools Ltd. (2011, Dec 12). The Marketing Mix and 4 Ps. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from Mind Tools Website: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm Senic, N. (2013, Feburary 2). EFFECTIVE CONTENT STRATEGY GUIDED BY THE SAVE FRAMEWORK. Retrieved April 18, 2013, from Zemanta: http://www.zemanta.com/blog/content-strategy-guided-save-framework/ Serwer, A. (2012, December 3). Steve Jobs vs. Sam Walton : Tale of the Tape. Fortune, pp. 59-64. Tan, R. (2012, October 9). Flamingo Singapore. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Facebook marketing: A case study on Scoot: http://flamingosingapore.com/2012/10/09/facebook-marketing-a-case-study-on-scoot/ UNESCO. (2011, March 10). UNESCO Bangkok. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from e-library publications: http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/clcneo/06market.pdf Woodward, R. (2011, October 1). Bright Hub PM. Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Project Planning: http://www.brighthubpm.com/project-planning/102438-why-are-action-plans-important-in-business/ Appendix A 1.1 Ostrich Pillow